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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 14 Mar 2018, 22:20.

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9. Genders
18. Ov anthem
19. Phonology
20. Sentences
23. Tones
28. WIP
Menu 1. Hynky language - Klahja hynky /ɺ͡ɬʰɑt͡:ʃɑ t͡ʃɯ̃kʰɯ/ 2. Words 3. Phonology 4. Noun morphology 5. Adjective morphology 6. Verb morphology 7. Syntax 8. Samples
[top]Hynky language - Klahja hynky /ɺ͡ɬʰɑt͡:ʃɑ t͡ʃɯ̃kʰɯ/


[top]Words


ěmj /ɛ̃j/ - bread (n.)
lkan /ɬɺɑ̃/ - want (v./aux.)
hywen /t͡ʃɯʋẽ/ - mom (n.)
nthua /θũɑ̃/ - dad (n.)
anwoř /ɑ̃ʋoχ/ - son (n.)
seru /ʃeru/ - I (p.)
ttofři /tʼofʁi/ - milk (n.)
mařē /ɑ̃ʁeɪ̯/ - see (v.)
swmar /ʃʋɑ̃r/ - have (v.)
gefan /çefɑ̃/ - we (p.)
klahja /ɺ͡ɬʰɑt͡:ʃɑ/ - language (n.)
mutuě /ũtʰuɛ/ - small animal (n.)
venthě /wẽθɛ/ - big animal (n.)

mkav /kʰɑ̃ʋ/ - speak (v.)
syh /ʃɯt͡ʃ/ - need (v./aux.)
kkyfat /kʼɯfɑt/ - red (adj.)
gufa /çufɑ/ - you (singular) (p.)
fyf /fɯf/ - you (plural) (p.)
kkat /kʼɑt/ - they (p.)
-sinf /ʃĩf/ - part (n.)
lonf /ɬõf/ - drink (v.)
juns /jũʃ/ - give (v.)
fi /fi/ - benefactive marker (prep.)
wumth /wũθ/ - clause separator (ptc.)
um /ũ/ - adjectivizer / adverbializer (ptc.)
wons /wõʃ/ - at least (adv.)

[top]Phonology


Any nasal consonant makes the syllable nasal, no matter whether it's before or after the vowel. Initial nasal consonants before a consonant make all the following vowels nasal.

DentalLabiodentalPalatalAlveolarPost-alveolarVelarUvular
Plosive<t> tʰ <tt> tʼ<k> kʰ <kk> kʼ
Fricative<th> θ<g> ç<l> ɬ<s> ʃ
Affricate<f> f<h> t͡ʃʁ
Trill<r> r
Approximant<w> ʋ<j> j<v> w


FrontBack
Close<i> i<y> ɯ <u> u
Close-mid<e> e<o> o
Open-mid<ĕ> ɛ
Open<a> ɑ



<ē> /eɪ̯/


Allophony:

ʁ#/χ
ʁ/χ/ɬ_
k/ɺ/ɬ_|_ɬ


[top]Noun morphology


Class 1 noun declensions (people)

NominativeAccusative
Singular-∅-tum
Duallin--∅
Pluralthmu--∅


Class 2 noun declensions (animals)

NominativeAccusative
Singular-∅-sē
Dual∅--kol
Pluralttař--ran


Class 3 noun declensions (food)

NominativeAccusative
Singular-∅-san
Duallun--soř
Plural


Class 4 noun declensions (the rest)

NominativeAccusative
Singular-∅-saf
Dualkas--san
Pluralked--sar


[top]Adjective morphology


Adjectives don't inflect with case, but they agree with their noun depending on the class and number. The dual is only distinguished for people.


Class 1Class 2Class 3Class 4
Singulartē-hu-os-than-
Dual
tti-ka-ys-
Pluralpē-


[top]Verb morphology


Verbs don't inflect with persons. They do, however, inflect with gender, number, various tenses, a few moods. But mostly, Hynky verbs agree with both subject and object. Only the indicative mood distinguishes immediateness and recentness in tenses.


IndicativeConditionalInterrogative
PSTRECPRSIMMFUTPRSPSTFUTPRSPSTFUT
Singular subjectSingular objectttamv-hank-řan-ēs-loř-mthov-kē-fos-mttos-kus-lor-
Dual objectjens-hys-řuv-jēv-lys-msav-ttamk-fis-mttař-tys-lav-
Plural objectku-vor-kul-tĕs-vyk-mvav-ttonr-řak-mthynk-thys-lēv-
No objectthas-vĕs-ēř-mtot-ttums-řuk-mřink-vyk-lans-
Dual subjectSingular objectvink-mthuk-lav-mor-mir-řyk-nthank-fik-hov-vynk-lur-
Dual object
Plural objectsonk-sas-sĕv-hur-homk-gar-war-mwan-mvin-goth-ginth-
No objectlēs-lĕf-lĕh-unh-unk-
Plural subjectSingular objectlunk-gynt-wint-wons-wav-jons-ganh-vahj-munk-lanr-jins-
Dual objectlkĕth-řant-řynh-ys-ynf-ĕns-lkunv-vans-lkynh-
Plural object
No objectlov-lkēslkuv-lkaw-kas-lenr-kar-kanř-jynh-sanf-sĕf-


[top]Syntax


Hynky is an accusative head-first fusional language. The word order is OSV and cannot be changed except in the following situations:
- hypothesis, respect or doubt makes it SOV;
- imperative makes it VSO (the imperative isn't marked otherwise).

Verbs can be used as auxiliaries as follows:
AUXAuxilliary + da + VUnknown code
It is important to take into consideration that the verb agrees with its auxiliary in the exact same way.

Contemplating (desire, need etc.) takes near future tense, but not conditional.

There is no copula. For "to be" sentences, one must just use an OS template.

[top]Samples


I want to speak Hynky.
Klahjasaf um thanhynky seru ēslkan da ēsmkav.

/ɺ͡ɬʰɑt͡:ʃɑʃɑf ũ θɑ̃t͡ʃɯ̃kʰɯ ʃeru eɪ̯ʃɬɺʰɑ̃ dɑ eɪ̯ʃkʰɑ̃w/
language-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
ADJZAdjectiviser (syntax)
turns word into adjective
G4Gender 4 (gender/class)-hynky 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
PREPresent=SUBSubject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
-OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
-want PTCUnknown code.AUXAuxilliary PREPresent=SUBSubject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
-OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
-speak



_________________________

Did you have a son?
Anwořtum gufa kusswmar?

/ɑ̃ʋoʁtʰũ çufɑ kʰuʃːʋɑ̃r/
son-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)
INTERUnknown code.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
=SUBSubject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
-OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
-have



_________________________

If we had sons, I would need at least two pieces of bread.
Anwoř garswmar, ĕmjsinfsoř um seru wons msavsyh.
/ɑ̃ʋoχ çɑrʃʋɑ̃r | ɛ̃ʃːĩfʃoχ ʃeru ũ ʋõʃ ʃɑ̃wʃɯt͡ʃ/
son=ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
CONDConditional (mood)
would
=PREPresent=SUBSubject (argument).DUDual (number)
two
-OBJObject (argument).PLPlural (number)
more than one/few
-have, bread-part-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
.DUDual (number)
two
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
ADVZAdverbialiser (syntax)
turns word into adverb
at-least CONDConditional (mood)
would
=PREPresent=SUBSubject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
-OBJObject (argument).DUDual (number)
two
-need



_________________________


These are two red small animals.
Mutuĕ kakkyfat kkat.

/ũtʰuɛ kʰɑkʼɯfɑt kʼɑt/
small-animal=DUDual (number)
two
G2Gender 2 (gender/class)=DUDual (number)
two
-red 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them




_________________________

Give me milk!
Řanjuns seru fi ttofřisan!

/ʁɑ̃jũʃ ʃeru fi tʼofʁiʃɑ̃/
PREPresent=SUBSubject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
-OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
-give 1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
BENBenefactive (case)
recipient of benefit
milk-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient




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