Irregularities
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 7 Sep 2019, 23:33.
[comments] bholessonslesson 8
7. Derivation
9. Genders
10. General grammar
13. Interrogation
14. Irregularities
17. Ov and lightning
18. Ov anthem
19. Phonology
20. Sentences
23. Tones
25. Verb morphology
28. WIP
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
All good languages have irregularities. It's not the funniest part to get into… or isn't it? Either way, here is a sum up.
[top]Patterned irregularities (-am / -ar / -läm / -ó nouns)
Nouns ending in -am, -ar, -läm and -ó (the latter in the plosive harmony only) are irregular, but they follow a predictable pattern. This happens in different ways to all paradigms.
For reference, the regular paradigms are reproduced here.
|
|
|
∅ | ERGErgative (case) TRANS subject; agent | |
---|---|---|
SGSingular (number) one countable entity | -∅ | -(y)lyr |
PLPlural (number) more than one/few | -(e)ler | -(y)lyn |
INDIDIndefinite ideal (class) word pertains to an indefinite (a/an/any) ideal or concept of something | -(a)lahr | -(a)lvar |
TOTTotal all/every | -(i)lihr | -(y)lvyr |
- guhar → guharler (adaptation → adaptations)
- star → stylyr (state → states-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent)
∅ | ERGErgative (case) TRANS subject; agent | |
---|---|---|
SGSingular (number) one countable entity | -∅ | -on |
PLPlural (number) more than one/few | -ok | -om |
INDIDIndefinite ideal (class) word pertains to an indefinite (a/an/any) ideal or concept of something | -iod | -iot |
TOTTotal all/every | -iad | -ian |
- örłam → örłok (hero → heroes)
- am → on (thing → thing-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent)
The word läm, meaning "place", has irregular ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent and ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few. This pattern works for all of its derivations.
∅ | ERGErgative (case) TRANS subject; agent | |
---|---|---|
SGSingular (number) one countable entity | -∅ | -lém |
PLPlural (number) more than one/few | -Vk | -lím |
INDIDIndefinite ideal (class) word pertains to an indefinite (a/an/any) ideal or concept of something | -iot | -iout |
TOTTotal all/every | -iat | -iak |
∅ | ERGErgative (case) TRANS subject; agent | |
---|---|---|
SGSingular (number) one countable entity | -∅ | -out |
PLPlural (number) more than one/few | -oga | -oum |
INDIDIndefinite ideal (class) word pertains to an indefinite (a/an/any) ideal or concept of something | -ahga | -iót |
TOTTotal all/every | -óga | -ók |
- fyhnkgó → fyhnkgoga (electric fan → electric fans)
- gönó → gönout (omelette → omelette-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent)
[top]Noun allomorphy in the syntactic declensions
Allomorphy is a class of expected irregularities in certain environments. Each case of allomorphy implies a conditional regular transformation.
Note that throughout the phenomena of allomorphy, assonantal endings cannot reproduce long vowels; they are reduced to their short counterpart (ex. 1 and 9).
Any harmony
- Occurrences of ‹ii› will be rewritten ‹í› in the plosive and fricative harmonies (ex. 2 and 3), but will be reduced to ‹i› in the null harmony (ex. 4).
Fricative harmony
- The NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument and NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few forms of nouns in the fricative harmony turn ‹ea› (considered one vowel phonologically) to ‹a› if followed by the last consonant of the word (ex. 5); - any occurrence of ‹ss› becomes ‹ś~sz› (ex. 6);
- any occurrence of ‹łs› becomes ‹ss› (ex. 7).
Null harmony
- Words ending in -ë will have their ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent unchanged (ex. 8).
Examples
- 1. płíc → *
płícís→ płícis (coal → coals) - 2. łezki → *
łezkiiot→ łezkíot (friend → friend-INDIDIndefinite ideal (class)
word pertains to an indefinite (a/an/any) ideal or concept of something) - 3. vorantepłi → *
vorantepłiiauś→ vorantepłíauś (accent → accent-INDIDIndefinite ideal (class)
word pertains to an indefinite (a/an/any) ideal or concept of something) - 4. ai → *
aiior→ aior (cartridge → cartridge-INDIDIndefinite ideal (class)
word pertains to an indefinite (a/an/any) ideal or concept of something) - 5. ełorgean → *
ełorgeaneak→ ełorgeanak (accuser → accusers) - 6. urnës → *
urnëssa→ urnësza (abolition → abolition-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent) - 7. woł → *
wołsa→ wossa (armpit → armpit-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent) - 8. eruië→ *
eruiëë→ eruië (arm → arm-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent)
[top]Noun allomorphy in the semantic declensions
Fricative harmony
- This paradigm undergoes various simplifications: ‹sś → ś›, ‹łs → s›, ‹vs → s›, ‹szś → ś›, ‹szs → s› and ‹ss → s› (ex. 9, 10, 11 and 12);
- syncope (removal of a syllable) also happens in szVszV and szVsV environments that both become szzV (in other words, a vowel is removed if between ‹sz- -sz› or ‹sz- -s›, if followed by a vowel) (ex. 13);
- ‹ëë → ë› (ex. 14)
Plosive harmony
- Occurrences of ‹ngnk› are reduced to ‹nk› (ex. 15).
Null harmony
- Occurrences of ‹blr› or ‹plr› are reduced to ‹r› (ex. 16);
- occurrences of ‹bll,pll› are replaced by ‹bl,pl› (ex. 17).
Examples
- 9. urnës → *
urnësś→ urnës (abolition-GENGenitive (case)
possessive.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few) - 10. urnës → *
urnëss→ urnës (abolition-BENBenefactive (case)
recipient of benefit or abolition-INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few) - 11. śweł → *
śwełś→ śwes (board-INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few) - 12. rav → *
ravsaf→ rasaf (baby-INEInessive (case)
'inside') - 13. käszi → *
käsziszaf→ käszzaf (nipple-INEInessive (case)
'inside') - 14. vésën→ *
vésëntëë→ vésëntë (enemy-GENGenitive (case)
possessive(.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few)) - 15. tungn → *
tungnkut→ tunkut (dessert → dessert-ECTSEctessive (case)
outside of) - 16. räbl → *
räblr→ *rär→ lär (disease → disease-BENBenefactive (case)
recipient of benefit; this also undergoes the rVr → lVr mandatory change) - 17. räbl → *
räbller→ räbler (disease → disease-INEInessive (case)
'inside')
[top]Adjective allomorphy
Fricative harmony
- This paradigm undergoes various simplifications: ‹sś → ś›, ‹szś → ś›, ‹zz → z›, ‹sss → ss›, ‹zz → z› and ‹sztszz → szz› (also ‹sz → z› word-finally) (ex. 19, 20 and 21);
- in the POSIPositive (class)
standard adjective.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few form, if a word winds up ending in -zś, it is infixed with the assonantal vowel (ex. 22).
Null harmony
- ‹rz› becomes ‹z› (ex. 23).
Examples
- 18. wém → *
wémék→ wémek (alright → alright-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few) - 19. lougviś → *
lougviszś→ lougviś (advanced → advanced-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few) - 20. zmuräus → *
zmuräuszs→ zmuräuś (allergic → allergic-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few) - 21. yhz → *
yhzz→ yhz (charming → charming-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few) - 22. az → *
azś→ azaś (conscious → conscious-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few) - 23. ohr → *
ohrz→ ohz (broad → broad-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few)
[top]Weather verbs
Weather verbs only exist in the third person. This form is irregular, usually displaying metathesis.
- śök → *
śökör→ śörk (to rain → it rains) - bela → *
belar→ berra (to be sunny → it is sunny)
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