Ďomün verbs: Basic Conjugations: view article

Menu 1. Negation 2. Aspect 3. Periphrastic Tense and Mood 4. Inflectional Mood Ďomün verbs conjugate for aspect via suffixes, while tense is marked via adverbs. Verbs are negated by means of a dedicated negative verb, which takes all inflectional affixes, and subordinates the main verb. Mood is marked via stem prefixes.

[edit] [top]Negation

Verb negation is done with the verb dze. This verb takes all of the conjugation, while the main verb is nominalized via the transfix o-…-k(e)/a-…-k(ë).

Examples:
Taïśvï.
I eat them.

Toiśdze avïk.
I don't eat them.

In the negative form, the negative verb dze has taken the verbal subject and object prefixes to- and iś-, resulting in toiśdze, while the main verb vï "eat" has been nominalized with the transfix a-…-k resulting in avïk.

Additional examples:
Gïar.
He sees him.

Gildze arkë.
He doesn't see him.

Soiste.
She says it.

Soydze ostek.
She doesn't say it.

Païqar.
You see them (FEM).

Poiqdze arkë.
You don't see them (FEM).

Soüyeste.
She says them (INTN).

Soüydze ostek.
She doesn't say them (INTN).

[edit] [top]Aspect

In addition to the unmarked default aspect, there are two marked aspects, which take the form of suffixes. All three will be described below.

Default Aspect
The default aspect has a number of functions. Depending on context, it may function as a perfective, a habitual, or a continuous:

tośet "I hold it; I am holding it", tagïr "I sit; I am sitting", torge "I walk; I am walking", tośsodi "I take it; I took it; I am taking it"

Durative Aspect
The durative shows that an action only happens for a certain time, and is limited to the time of reference. It is marked with -ś after vowels and -śe/-śë after consonants:

tośetśe "I am holding it for a while", tagïrśë "I am sitting for a while", torgeś "I am walking for a while", tośsodiś "I am taking it for a while"

Perfect Aspect
The perfect functions as in English, and shows that an action is already completed by the time of reference. It is marked with -gu/-gü:

tośetgü "I have held it", tagïrgu "I have sat", torgegü "I have walked", tośsodigü "I have taken it"

[edit] [top]Periphrastic Tense and Mood

All tenses are marked via adverbs. They typically appear before the verb, but may appear afterwards as well. Whenever possible, they will appear on the side of the verb opposite the subject. They must appear directly before or after the verb, and several of them are bound by vowel harmony. Typically, tense or tense-like adverbs are not repeated in subsequent clauses when the time frame is understood to be the same. They generally occur only when an establishment or change in time frame is required.

The tense system is outlined in the following table:

Past	Present	Future
Past ni/nï	Nonpast Ø
Remote Past lai		Potential Future ivte/ïvtë
Speculative Past kim ni/kïm nï	Speculative Present kïm lëśud	Speculative Future kim/kïm
		Intentional Future omün/amun

As the table outlines, the standard unmarked form of a verb is used for nonpast; that is, the present or future.

Kükzez attaqë.
soon 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.SBJUnknown code-change.pasture
We will change pastures soon.

Igidze azaǧëlkë ṃditemnegi.
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.SBJUnknown code-NEGNegative (polarity)
not NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter\understand PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.IRRATUnknown code-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-GENGenitive (case)
possessive-word-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
They do not understand our words/language.

Past
The standard past tense is marked with the vowel harmony-bound adverb ni/nï:

ni tośet "I held it; I was holding it", nï tagïr "I sat; I was sitting", ni torge "I walked; I was walking" ni tośsodi "I took it; I was taking it"

As can be seen on the table above, there is also a remote past tense, marked with lai. This adverb is not bound by vowel harmony. This is more specialized than the standard past tense, and their meanings may overlap, as ni/nï is not a recent past marker.

lai tośet "I held it a long time ago", lai tagïr "a long time ago, I sat", lai torge "a long time ago, I walked" lai tośsodi "I took it a long time ago"

Future
There is no plain future tense; all future forms are modal in nature.

Inferences, predictions, speculation, and other guesses about the future are marked with the vowel harmony-bound ivte/ïvtë:

ivte tośet "I believe I will hold it; I expect to hold it; etc.", ïvtë tagïr "I believe I will sit; I expect to sit; etc.", ivte torge "I believe I will walk; I expect to walk; etc.", ivte tośsodi "I believe I will take it; I expect to take it; etc."

Less certain guesses or possibilities regarding the future are marked with kim/kïm:

kim tośet "I may hold it", kïm tagïr "I may sit", kim torge "I may walk", kim tośsodi "I may take it"

Speculations or guesses about the present can be made by combining kïm with lëśud "now" and for the past with ni/nï or lai.

kïm lëśud giśet "he may be holding it (now)"
kim ni sorge "she may have walked"
kim lai igiśsodi "they may once have taken it, long ago"
etc.

Intentions, plans, and so forth are marked with amun/omün:

omün tośet "I will hold it; I will be holding it; I'm going to hold it; etc.", amun tagïr "I will sit; I will be sitting; I'm going to sit; etc.", omün torge "I will walk; I will be walking; I'm going to walk; etc.", omün tośsodi "I will take it; I will be taking it; I'm going to take it; etc."

Simple future statements that do not fit into these categories can simply take various other time adverbs, e.g.:

Kükzez igiegtit.
Kükzez igi-egtit.
soon 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-wake.up
They will wake up soon.

Ropśeq toneǧiw.
Ropśeq to-ne-ǧiw.
tomorrow 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-POTPotential (mood)
likely events, ability-leave
I can leave tomorrow.

Expressing the idea of "want to" may be done inflectionally or periphrastically. Periphrastically, it is marked with the non-vowel harmony-bound adverb odzto:

odzto tagïr - "I want to sit"
odzto tośet "I want to hold it", odzto tagïr "I want to sit", odzto torge "I want to walk", odzto tośsodi "I want to take it"

This form is more informal and conversational than the inflectional equivalent.

This cannot be used to form phrases such as English "I want her to sit." In such cases as the subject of the desire is different from the subject of the action, the verb qiber "to want" is used with a complement clause:

Toyqiber as sagïr.
to-y-qiber as sa-gïr.
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INTANUnknown code.OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-want COMPLUnknown code 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-sit
I want her to sit.

Here, the word as serves to introduce a complement clause.

Notice that qiber must take an intangible direct object, and that it matches in number with the number of complement clauses following it, in this case one. Compare with a sentence involving multiple complement clauses:

Toüyqiber as sagïr uvsalut.
to-uy-qiber as sa-gïr uv-sa-lut.
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INTANUnknown code.OBJObject (argument).PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-want COMPLUnknown code 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-sit and-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-wait
I want her to sit and (her to) wait.

[edit] [top]Inflectional Mood

Certain moods are marked by prefixes that attach directly to the main verb stem. The following section outlines the modal prefixes that I have designed so far.

The modal that shows ability, i.e. "can; be able" is ne(n)-/në(n)-:

tośnenet "I can hold it", tanëgïr "I can sit", tonerge "I can walk", tośnensodi "I can take it"

The modal that shows desire, i.e. "wish to" is diz-/dïz- :

tośdizet "I wish to hold it", tadïzgïr - "I wish to sit", todizerge "I wish to walk", tośdizsodi "I wish to take it"

Desire may also be marked periphrastically via the adverb odzto. The inflectional form is more formal than the periphrastic form.

Imperative
The imperative is a special case among inflectional moods. Unlike the others, it is a suffix, and occupies the same role as the aspect suffixes; thus, marked aspect and marked imperative cannot coexist on a single verb. The imperative suffix is -on/-an. A second person subject is required for the imperative:

Palutan!
Wait!

Sequences of verbs frequently will take the imperative on all verbs, e.g.:

Pagïran uvpalutan!
Sit and wait! ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article

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