Ďomün Conjunctions
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An explanation of the conjunction system of Ďomün
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 7 Jul 2016, 14:11.
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2. Ďomün Conjunctions
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3. Ďomün Gender
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5. Ďomün Noun Cases
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6. Ďomün Script
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7. Ďomün Stress
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10. Voice in Ďomün
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Numerous conjunctions exist in Ďomün, and typically, all subordinate clauses require a conjunction. Conjunctions take the form of verbal prefixes, and require the subject and any tense/modal adverbs of the subordinated verb to be placed after the verb. Like English, Ďomün has both coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, which function somewhat differently in some circumstances.The following is a list of various conjunctions:
Coordinating conjunctions:
rationale: zel(z)-/zël(z)- "because"
discordance: iñ-/ïñ- "while; though; although; yet"
non-contrast: üv-/uv- "and (also)"
condition: kon(o)-/kan(a)- "if"
purpose/reason: ďiv(i)-/ďïv(ï)- "so; so that; in order to"
Subordinating conjunctions:
contrast/exception: olbi-/albï- "but; yet"
sequence: wog-/wag- "and (then); then"
summary/explanation/result: zigto(g)-/zïgta(g)- "meaning; that is to say; so; therefore"
choice: dey-/dëy- "or; otherwise"
As mentioned above, coordinated and subordinated clauses have an altered word order, changing from SVO to VSO. Tense and modal adverbs also move after the verb. Coordinated clauses may appear either before or after the main clause, as in English, and they frequently do occur before the main clause, but subordinated clauses must always appear after the main clause.
An example:
Nï tavï iñpodze avïk.
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-eat though-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-NEGNegative (polarity)
not NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter\eat
I ate, though you didn't eat.
Since this is a coordinating conjunction, we can reverse the clause order:
Iñpodze ni avïk tavï.
though-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-NEGNegative (polarity)
not NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter\eat PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-eat
Though you didn't eat, I (did) eat.
If we use a subordinating conjunction, the order, like English, cannot be reversed:
Nï tavï olbipodze avïk.
PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-eat but-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-NEGNegative (polarity)
not NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter\eat
I ate, but you didn't eat.
*Olbipodze ni avïk tavï.
*but-2Second person (person)
addressee (you).NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-NEGNegative (polarity)
not PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter\eat 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-eat
*But you didn't eat, I ate.
The second of these two examples shows verb fronting (i.e. VSO word order) due to the conjunction:
Tomoďaim gidze ni anënuk zelgiďirüm.
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-POSPossessor
generic possessive article-father-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-do.not NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter\POT-go because-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-be.sick
My father could not go, because he was sick.
Zelgiďirüm ni tomoďaim gidze anënuk.
because-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-be.sick PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-POSPossessor
generic possessive article-father-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-do.not NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter\POT-go
Because my father was sick, he could not go.
When a subordinate clause comprsing only a single verb with no nominal arguments appears first in the sentence, the following main clause may take "sequential subordination", that is, it may adopt VSO word order despite being the main clause. In the first two of the following three examples, it does not occur, but in the third, it does:
Konogib̌en Podzin yun Aizoqṃ sośmodi as ďami.
CONDConditional (mood)
would-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-come Podzin-(NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument) today Aizoq-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INTANUnknown code.OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-prepare the meat-(ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient)
If Podzin is coming today, Aizoq will prepare the meat.
Aizoqṃ sośmodi as ďami konogib̌en Podzin yun.
CONDConditional (mood)
would-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-come Podzin-(NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument) today Aizoq-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INTANUnknown code.OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-prepare the meat-(ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient)
Aizoq will prepare the meat, if Podzin is coming today.
Konogib̌en wogsośmodi Aizoqṃ as ďami.
CONDConditional (mood)
would-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-come then-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INTANUnknown code.OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-prepare Aizoq-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument the meat-(ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient)
If he is coming, then Aizoq will prepare the meat.
The reason for the subordination is simply grouping of like items, that is, in order to place the verbs adjacent to each other.
Both coordinating and subordinating conjunctions may occur at the beginning of sentences in order to connect to what was previously said. The two types of conjunction employ similar but differing methods of doing so.
Sentence-initial coordinating conjunctions are formed by prefixing them to -vok, which means "it (INTAN) is", in essence creating a short subordinated clause.
rationale: zelvok "consequently; as a result; because of this"
discordance: iñvok "nevertheless; even so; regardless; nevertheless; notwithstanding"
non-contrast: uvvok "in addition; furthermore"
condition: konovok "in that case; if so"
purpose/reason: ďivivok "to that end; accordingly"
The opposite is true for subordinating conjunctions; instead, the sentence begins with vok (which in fact serves as the main clause of the sentence), and is immediately followed by a subordinated clause:
Some subordinating conjunctions:
contrast/exception: vok olbi-/vok albï- "in spite of this; even so"
sequence: vok wog-/vok wag- "after that; next"
summary/explanation/result: vok zigto(g)-/vok zïgta(g)- "what this means is; in other words; specifically"
choice: vok dey-/vok dëy- "if not; otherwise;"
Examples
Following are a number of examples of both sentence-initial coordinating and subordinating , using the phrase todze anënuk "I can't go" as a base:
Zelvok todze anënuk.
Because of this, I can't go.
Vok zigtotodze anënuk.
In other words, I can't go.
Konovok todze anënuk.
If that's true, (then) I can't go.
Vok deytodze anënuk.
If not, (then) I can't go.
Iñvok todze anënuk.
Even so, I can't go.
Vok olbitodze anënuk.
Even so, I can't go.
You will notice that some of the conjunctions overlap somewhat in meaning. There is often little difference, and generally either one can be used. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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