Voice in Ďomün
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A description of the voice system in Ďomün
This public article was written by [Deactivated User] on 6 Jul 2016, 00:14.
[comments] dmnvoice
2. Ďomün Conjunctions
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3. Ďomün Gender
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5. Ďomün Noun Cases
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6. Ďomün Script
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7. Ďomün Stress
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10. Voice in Ďomün
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A basic transitive sentence may be analyzed as having three core elements: the subject, the object, and the verb. The voice system in Ďomün allows for focus to be placed on any one of these three elements by means of three distinct voices: the active, the passive, and the impersonal. The active voice is the default voice. Both intransitive and transitive verbs are in the active voice by default. The active voice functions the same as the English active voice, placing focus on the subject.
Transitive:
As utëgërṃ igiślemsodigu mi as lanï.
As u-tëgër-ṃ igi-ś-lemsodi-gu mi as lan-ï.
DEFDefinite
"the".ARTArticle
indicate the type of reference being made by the noun PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.RATUnknown code-TSun element (gender/class)ëgër-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few(-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INTANUnknown code.OBJObject (argument).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-take.away-PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed also the river-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
The Tëgër also took away the river.
Intransitive:
Ṃyem igiśaiś lu qutmërë.
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-person-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MASCMasculine (gender)
masculine or male.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-dwell-DURDurative (case)
while, during, throughout, for time this cave-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc
There are people living in this cave.
The passive voice functions much like the English passive voice, in that it decreases the valency of the verb from two to one. It places focus on the active object by promoting it to subject position while simultaneously demoting the subject to an optional oblique argument.
The passive voice is denoted by the stem prefix vod-/vad- which attaches directly to the stem, after any personal or modal prefixes. The patient predictably becomes the subject with nominative declension and subject position, and the agent is optionally marked with the genitive case and the preposition saram:
Active:
Dzalulṃ ni soiśrol bisizi.
Dzalul-ṃ ni so-iś-rol bi-si-zi
Dzalul-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.TANUnknown code.OBJObject (argument).PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-polish PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.IRRTUnknown code-stone-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Dzalul polished the stones.
Passive:
Bisim ni bolvodrol (saram Dzalulbë).
Bi-si-m ni bol-vod-rol (saram Dzalul-bë).
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.IRRTUnknown code-stone-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.TANUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-PASPast
action occurred before moment of speech-polish (by.means.of Dzalul-GENGenitive (case)
possessive)
The stones were polished (by Dzalul).
In addition to the active and passive voices, Ďomün also employs an impersonal voice. Like the passive voice, the impersonal voice decreases the valency of the verb by one. However, unlike the passive voice, which eliminates the direct object, the impersonal voice eliminates the subject. As the purpose of the impersonal is to eliminate the agent entirely as an explicit entity, it may not be indicated with saram as it is in the standard passive. This elimination of the agent serves to place focus on the action of the verb itself, rather than any of its constituents. There is no direct equivalent in English.
To form the impersonal, the passive prefix vod-/vad- is placed on the verb, which is always conjugated for 3rd person tangible singular, and the direct object remains in the accusative.
Active:
Omünosṃ ni soiśrol bisizi.
Omünos-ṃ ni so-iś-rol bi-si-zi
someone-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FEMFeminine (gender)
feminine or female.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.TANUnknown code.OBJObject (argument).PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-polish PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.IRRTUnknown code-stone-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
Someone polished the stones.
Impersonal:
Ni muśvodrol bisizi.
Ni mu-iś-vod-rol bi-si-zi.
PST 3.MASC.NOM.SG-3.TAN.OBJ.PL-PAS-polish PL.IRRT-stone-ACC
The polishing of stones was done. (Lit. "It was polished the stones.")
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