Proto-Italic to Phichene (Phichénas): view article

Proto-Italic
m n
p b t d k g kʷ ɡʷ
ɸ (β) θ? ð? s (z) x (ɣ) xʷ? ɣʷ?
r l j w

a e i o u ə
ā ē ī ō ū

Consonants:
p → f <ph>
b → p
t → θ → j / V_V
d → t
ð → f / V_V
k → x (→ h)
g → k
kʷ → p
ɡʷ → b
β → b
j → dʒ → tʃ
f → h → Ø <h>
z → d (r?)
lV- → v/wV-
loi → lø: → ljø → ʒe-

d → ð → Ø / #V_
VgC, VβC → V̄C-

stress: initial or moved to the first long vowel
STRESSED:
ā → ɔa (vɔa- → vɔ) (ɔaj > ɔe <ádh>)
ē → ɛa (jɛa-)
ī → ʊi (vʊi-)
ō → ɔu (vɔu-)
ū →ʊɔ (vʊɔ-)

unstressed:
a → a or ɛ (high vowel in the next syllable), ɔ
e → e, i
i → i, Ø
ə → a, o
o → o, a, ø
u → u, i (final, unstressed), y (+ high vowel)

DIPHTHONGS
Short: *ai, *ei, *oi, *au, *ou
Long: *āi, *ēi, *ōi → ɔi, ɛi, øi

ai → ɛ: → jɛ
ei → i: → ji
oi → ø: → jø → je /ej <oe> (*woi- → mej- <vhoe>)
au → ɔ: → wʊ / wɔ (mɔ- word-init.) <vho>
ou → ʉ: → jy

ø → e
y → i

-ons → ɔf <onth>
-ōd → ɔuw <odh>
- āzom →'ɔaʃ <Vrh>
nti → V̄tʃi
rn → n: → nj
rt → V̄(l)t
fl → lj → ʒ <li>
fr → ʒ <rh>
sp → ʃ <sf>
sr/zr → fr
VrC → VlC (unstressed) / V̄lC (stressed)
tn → kn → xn <chn>
sn/zn → l <lh>
zd→ V̄d
dwV → twV → tjV → tʃV-
kl → xl → ʃ
tl → ʃ

Ideas:
n—m > l—m
m—n > m—l
l—l > l—r
r—r > r—n

[edit] [top]Declensions

o-stem
N: agro - agrōs → 'vɔaras - vɔ'rɔus | vagras - vagrós
A: agrom - agrons → 'vɔaran - 'vɔarɔf | vagram - vagronth
G: agrosjo - agrom → 'vɔaraʃ - 'vɔaran | vagrash - vagram
D: agrōis - agrois → vɔ'reis - 'vɔaʒes | vagróes - vagries
P: agrōd - agrois → vɔ'rɔuw - 'vɔaʒes | vagródh - vagries

N/A: jugom - jugā → 'tʃukan - tʃi'kɔa | jukam - juká ??

a-stem
N: toutā - toutās → ʃi'vɔa - ʃi'vɔas | thiuthá - thiuthás
A: *toutām - *toutans → ʃi'vɔan - 'ʃijaf | thiuthám - thiuthanth
G *toutās - *toutāzom → ʃi'vɔas - ʃi'vɔan | thiuthás - thiuthárm
D: *toutāi - *toutais → ʃi'vɔi - 'ʃijɛs | thiuthái - thiuthies
P: *toutād - *toutais → ʃi'vɔe - 'ʃijɛs | thiuthádh - thiuthies

consonant-stem
N: *sniks - *sniɣʷes → lʊis - 'lifis | lhihs - lighes
A: *sniɣʷəm - *sniɣʷəns → 'lifon - 'livaf | lhighom - lhighanth
G: *sniɣʷes - *sniɣʷom → 'lifis - 'lifan | lhighes - lhigham
D: *sniɣʷei - *sniɣʷ(?)βos → li'fʊi - 'libas | lhighí - lhighas (stress change by analogy)
P: *sniɣʷi - *sniɣʷ(?)βos → li'fɔe - 'libas | lhighádh - lhighas

N/A: *kord - *kordā → 'xɔud - xu'dɔa | chord - chordá
G: *kordes - *kordom → 'xɔudis - 'xɔudan | chordis - chordam
D: *kordei - *kord(?)βos → xu'dʒi - 'xɔudas | chordéi - chordas
P: *kordi - *kord(?)βos → xu'dɔe - 'xɔudas | chordádh - chordas

i-stem
N: *məntis - *məntēs → 'mɛatʃis - me'tʃɛas | mentis - mentés
A: *məntim - *məntins → 'mɛatʃin - 'mɛeatʃif | mentim - mentinth
G: *mənteis - *məntjom → 'mɛatʃis - 'mɛatʃan | mentis - mentiam
D: *məntēi - *məntiβos → me'tʃɛi - 'mɛatʃib | mentéi - mentibs
P: *məntīd - *məntiβo → me'tʃij - 'mɛatʃib | mentídh - mentibs

N/A: *mari - *mariā → mer - me'ʒɔa | mer - merhá
G: *mareis - *marjom → 'meʒis - 'meʒan | merhis - merham
D: *marēi - *mariβos → me'rɛi - 'merib | meréi - meribs
P: *marīd - *mariβos → me'ʒij - 'merib | merhídh - meribs

u-stem
N: *portus -*portous? →'fɔutis - ful'tis | phortis - phortiús
A: *portum - *portuns → 'fɔutin - 'fɔutuf | phortim - phortunth
G: *portous - *portwom →'fɔutʃis - 'fɔutun | phortius - phortum
D: *portowei - *portuβos → ful'tɛi - 'fɔutub | phortéi - phortubs
P: *portūd - *portuβos → ful'tʊo(w) - 'fɔutub | phortúdh - phortubs

N/A: *kornu? (-ū?) - *kornuā (-ūā?) → 'xonji - xu'njɔa | chorni - chorná
G: *kornous - *kornwom → 'xonjis - 'xonjun | chornius - chornum
D: *kornowei - *kornuβos → xu'njɛi - 'xonjub | chornéi - chornubs
P: *kornūd - *kornuβos → xu'njʊo(w) - 'xonjub | chornúdh - chornubh

[edit] [top]Verbs

General endings:
Singular: -ó, -s, -th | -n, -s, -dh
Plural: -ms, -ths, -nth | -ms, -ths, -ndh

Primary: present, future, future perfect indicative
Secondary: imperfect and perfect indicative, subjunctive

Indicative present:
1) *-āō | -ās | -āt | -āmos | -ātes | -ānt
-ɔuw | -ɔas | -ɔa | -ɔam | -ɔaʃ | -ɔaf
-óu | -ás |-áth | -áms |-áths | ánth

2) *ēō / -eō | -ēs | -ēt | -ēmos | -ētes | -ēnt / -eont
-euw / -(i/j)ɔu| -eas | -ea | -eam | -eaʃ | -eaf / -(i/j)ɔuf
-éu / -(i)ó | -és | -éth | -éms | -éths | énth / -(i)ónth

3) *-ō | -es | -et | -omos | -etes | -ont
-ɔu | -is | -ij | -am | -eʃ | -of
-ó | -is | -ith | -ams | -eths | -onth

Subjunctive present:
1) *-āēm | -āēs | -āēd | -āēmos | -āētes | -āēnd
-ɔen | -ɔes | -ɔej | -ɔem | -ɔeʃ | -ɔef
-áem | -áes - áedh | -áems | -áeths | -áendh

2) *-ēām / -eām | -ēās / -eās | -ēād / -eād| -ēāmos / -eāmos | -ēātes / -eātes | -ēānd / -eānd
-eon / -(i/j)ɔan| -eos / -ɔas | -eow / -ɔaj | -eom / -ɔam | -eoʃ / -ɔaʃ | -eof / -ɔaf
-éom / -(i)ám | -éos / -ás | -éodh / -ádh | -éoms / -áms | -éoths / -áths | -éondh / -ándh

3) *-ām | -ās | -ād | -āmos | -ātes | -ānd
-ɔan | -ɔas | -ɔaj | -ɔam | -ɔaʃ | -ɔaf
-ám | -ás | -ádh | -áms | -áths | -ándh

Indicative perfect:
1)

2) *sai | -sistai | -se(d) | -somos | -sistes | -sēri
-ʃe | -ʃije | -sej | -sem | -ʃijis | -'seaʃ
-sie | -sihthe | -sedh | -sems | -sihthis | -sérh

3) *-ai | -istai | -e(d) | -omos | -istes | -ēri
-je | -jije | -ej | -em | -jijis | 'eaʃ
-ie | -ihthe | -edh | -ems | -ihthis | -érh

Imperfect indicative:
-m + present (secondary forms)

Future indicative:
s + present (primary forms)

Future perfect indicative:
-m + perfect forms

Pluperfect indicative:
-(n)ci- /tʃ/ + present (secondary)

Perfect subjunctive:
-m + present subjunctive

Imperfect subjunctive:
-si- + present subjunctive

Pluperfect subjunctive:
-f + present subjunctive

Indicative - Subjunctive
Present - present
Perfect - perfect
Imperfect - perfect
Pluperfect - pluperfect
Future - /
Future perfect - /

[edit] [top]Conjugations

[edit] [top]Inherited verbs

-eō and -ēō verbs
*akēō → vachéu "to be sour"
*augeō → vhoció "to increase/enlarge"
*dekēō → techéu "fit, be right"
*dokeō → tochió "tell, inform; teach, instruct"
*flēō → liéu "weep, cry"
*foɣʷeō → hoghió "to warm, to make/keep warm"
*haizēō → iedéu "to stick, to cling"
*jakēō → tiacéu "lie down, be lying down"
*kawēō → caméu "to beware, to be mindful of"
*kneiɣʷēō → nighéu "to close the eyes, to blink"
*loukeō → liució "cause to emit light, cause to shine, ignite"
*loukēō → liucéu "be light, shine"
*luβēō → lubéu "to desire"
*medēōr → !!
*moneō → molió "remind, warn"
*mordeō →moldió "to bite"
*nokeō → noció "to harm/hurt/injure, to kill/slay"
*nēō → néu "spin, twine, twist"
*pendēō → fendéu "hang, be hanging"
*plēō → fiéu "to fill"
*rēōr→ !!
*sedēō → setéu "sit, be sitting, be seated"
*sorβeō → solbió "to suck in"
*spondeō → sfondió "to promise, to pledge"
*staēō → st(a)éu "to stand"
*takēō → thacéu "be silent"
*tenēō → thenéu "to hold"
*torzeō →thordió "to burn, scorch"
*wegeō → vheció "to move, to be lively/active"
*wegēō → vhecéu "to thrive, be alive"
*werēōr → !!

[edit] [top]Pronouns

Singular 1st person 2nd person Reflexive
Nominative *egō → kɔu| có *tū → vʊɔ | thú —
Accusative *mē, *me → mea, mi | mé, mi *tē, *te→ jea, ji | thé, thí *sē, *se → sea, ʃi | sé, si
Genitive *moi (or *mei?) → mej | moe *toi (or *tei?) → je | thoe *soi (or *sei?) → ʃe | sie
Dative *meɣei → 'meʃi | meghi *teβei → 'jemi | thebhi *seβei → 'semi | sebhi
Ablative *med → mej |medh *ted → jej | thedh *sed → sej | sedh
Possessive *meos *towos *sowos

Nominative *nōs → nɔus | nós *wōs →mʊus | vhós
Accusative *nōs → nɔus | nós *wōs →mʊus | vhós
Genitive *nosterom? → noʃir | nosir (nor) *westerom? → meʃir |vhesir (vhir)
Dative *nōβei → nɔumi | nóbhi *wōβei → mɔumi | vhóbhi
Ablative *nōβei → nɔumi | nóbhi *wōβei → mɔumi | vhóbhi
Possessive *nosteros *westeros

Interrogative:
N: *kʷis → pis "who" || *kʷid → pidh "what"

Relative/indefinite:
N: *kʷoi → poe || *kʷāi → pái || *kʷod → podh
A: *kʷom → pon || *kʷām → pán || *kʷod → podh
G: *kʷojjos → potʃos | potios || *? → pátios || *kʷojjos → potios

[edit] [top]Extra nouns

*aimos "imitation" → iemas "?"

[edit] [top]Adverbs

- add -iters
- add -e when deriving it from a verb or noun and another prefix is added (specifically for the adverb)

Comparative:
-e → -ias/-eas
-iters → itreas [irrjas]

Superlative:
-e → -ihme
-iters → -itrihme [irrime]

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