Tense, Aspect, and Negatives
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explanation of the tense, aspect, and negative auxiliaries
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Jun 2016, 02:27.
[comments] yabtenseaspectnegative
1. Bound Particles
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2. History o Yabushio
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4. Pitch Accent
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6. Verb classes
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7. Verbal Suffixes
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Yabushionese has three tense/aspect markers, and a single negative.The perfect is marked with the auxiliary suffix ～た -ta
The imperfect is marked with the auxiliary suffix ～め -me
The simple/default aspect, or either of these two aspects may be augmented with the past tense suffix ～け -ke.
All three suffixes attach to the adverbial stem, but they cause irregular sound changes when they combine with godan/quintigrade verbs.
Kami-ichidan, Kami-nidan, and Shimo-nidan all form regularly:
| verb class | meaning | conclusive form | adverbial stem | -ke | -ta | -me |
| kami-ichidan | "look at" | 見る miru | 見～ mi- | 見け mike | 見た mita | 見め mime |
| kami-nidan | "stretch" | 延ぶ nobu | 延び～ nobi- | 延びけ nobike | 延びた nobita | 延びめ nobime |
| shimo-nidan | "break" | 壞る kowaru | 壞れ～ koware- | 壞れけ kowareke | 壞れた kowareta | 壞れめ kowareme |
In godan/quintigrade verbs, both -ta and -ke cause gemination of roots ending in /t/ or /r/, and become voiced after stems ending in a voiced consonant, which itself undergoes alteration to /ɴ/ or is dropped.
-me causes similar alteration to /ɴ/ or loss.
root-final /k/, /ɡ/ and /f/ are dropped in their special adverbial forms.
Compare the differences:
| ending | meaning | conclusive form | special adverbial form | -ke | -ta | -me |
| /k/ | "write" | 書く kaku | 書い～ kai- | 書いけ kaike | 書いた kaita | 書いめ kaime |
| /ɡ/ | "sharpen" | 研ぐ togu | 研い～ toi- | 研いげ toige | 研いだ toida | 研いめ toime |
| /s/ | "steam" | 蒸す musu | 蒸し～ mushi- | 蒸しけ mushike | 蒸した mushita | 蒸しめ mushime |
| /t/ | "hold" | 持つ motsu | 持っ～／持ち～ mochi- | 持っけ mokke | 持った motta | 持ちめ mochime |
| /n/ | "die" | 死ぬ shinu | 死に～ shini- | 死んげ shinge | 死んだ shinda | 死んめ shinme |
| /f/ | "suck" | 吸ふ sufu | 吸い～ sui- | 吸いけ suike | 吸いた suita | 吸いめ suime |
| /b/ | "fly" | 飛ぶ tobu | 飛ん～ ton- | 飛んげ tonge | 飛んだ tonda | 飛んめ tonme |
| /m/ | "dwell" | 住む sumu | 住ん～ sun- | 住んげ sunge | 住んだ sunda | 住んめ sunme |
| /r/ | "fall (from the sky)" | 降る furu | 降っ～／降り～ fuQ-/furi- | 降っけ fukke | 降った futta | 降りめ furime |
The irregular verbs both function identically, with the adverbial form ending in -i:
| ending | meaning | conclusive form | adverbial form | -ke | -ta | -me |
| /s/ | "do" | す su | し～ shi- | しけ shike | した shita | しめ shime |
| /k/ | "come" | 來る kuru | 來～ ki- | 來け kike | 來た kita | 來め kime |
The past tense suffix -ke may be added onto the aspect suffixes -ta and -me. These suffixes must be switched to their adverbial forms in order to accept -ke. The adverbial forms of -ta and -me are ～たい -tai and ～めい -mei respectively.
Examples:
| 彼、書く。 | Kare, kaku. | He writes/will write. |
| 彼、書いけ。 | Kare, kaike. | He wrote. |
| 彼、書いめ。 | Kare, kaime. | He is writing. |
| 彼、書いめいけ。 | Kare, kaimeike. | He was writing. |
The negative is formed with the particle ～ず -zu. It attaches to the irrealis stem of the stem:
| verb class | meaning | affirmative form | negative form |
| kami-ichidan | "look at" | 見る miru | 見ず mizu |
| kami-nidan | stretch" | 延ぶ nobu | 延びず nobizu |
| shimo-nidan | "break" | 壞る kowaru | 壞れず kowarezu |
| godan | "write" | 書く kaku | 書かず kakazu |
| s-irregular | "do" | す su | せず sezu |
| k-irregular | "come" | 來る kuru | 來ず kozu |
Tense and aspect suffixes come after the negative suffix. The adverbial form of -zu used with tense and aspect suffixes is ～ざい -zai, e.g.:
| 箱、壞る。 | Fako, kowaru. | The box breaks/will break. |
| 箱、壞れた。 | Fako, kowareta. | The box has broken. |
| 箱、壞れけ。 | Fako, kowareke. | The box broke. |
| 箱、壞れたいけ。 | Fako, kowaretaike. | The box had broken. |
| 箱、壞れず。 | Fako, kowarezu. | The box does not break/will not break. |
| 箱、壞れざいた。 | Fako, kowarezaita. | The box has not broken. |
| 箱、壞れざいけ。 | Fako, kowarezaike. | The box did not break. |
| 箱、壞れざいたいけ。 | Fako, kowarezaitaike. | The box had not broken. |
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