Verb classes
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explanation of Yabushionese verb classes
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 30 Jun 2016, 11:35.
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1. Bound Particles
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2. History o Yabushio
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4. Pitch Accent
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6. Verb classes
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7. Verbal Suffixes
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Verbs in Yabushionese are agglutinative, via a basic "stem + suffix" pattern. Each verbal root conjugates into six (or more accurately, seven) basic modal stems. The choice of which stem to use its wholly determined by the which suffix is to be added to the root, as each suffix attaches to a predetermined stem.Suffixes themselves are divided into two different types: conjugating suffixes (助動詞) and non-conjugating suffixes (助詞). Conjugating suffixes, once added, become part of the stem and may subsequently be conjugated intro the six basic stems in order to accept additional suffixes. Non-conjugating suffixes, as their name implies, do not change form and cannot accept additional suffixes.
Verbs are divided into conjugation classes based on how the basic modal stems are formed. These conjugation classes are determined solely by phonetics, not semantics. The classes differ in the total number of unique vowels that may appear in the various stem endings, and three number and form of modal suffixes that are required for additional differentiation of stems. Classical Japanese had a total of 5 main classes and four irregular classes (though one of the main classes actually only had one verb in it). Modern Japanese has only two main classes and two irregulars, while Yabushionese has four main classes and two irregulars. The moral stems and conjugation classes will be explained in detail below.
The six main modal stems are as follows:
1. irrealis
2. adverbial
3. conclusive
4. attributive
5. realis
6. imperative
As mentioned above, each suffix attaches to a specific stem, e.g. the negative suffix -zu must attach to the irrealis stem, while the desiderative suffix -tashi must attach to the adverbial stem.
The four conjugation classes are godan (quintigrade), kami-ichidan (upper monograde), kami-nidan (upper bigrade), shimo-nidan (lower bigrade), s-irregular, and k-irregular.
Godan (Quintigrade)
Godan (quintigrade) is so named as it has five different stem forms (excluding suffixes).
Example: 炊く taku "cook":
1. taka-
2. taki-
3. taku
4. taku-t
5. take-
6a. take
6b. takọ̄
Kami-ichidan (Upper Monograde)
This verb class has only one unique stem, ending in /i/, with extra suffixes to differentiate. "Upper" refers to the fact that い i appears physically higher on a hiragana chart than does え e, which appropriately is the vowel of lower-grade stems.
Example: 見る miru "look":
1. mi-
2. mi-
3. mi-ru-
4. mi-ru-t
5. mi-re-
6. mi-ro
As you can see, there is only one stem, but there are multiple suffixes to compensate.
Kami-nidan (Upper Bigrade)
This verb class has two unique stems, with extra suffixes to differentiate.
Example: 延ぶ nobu "stretch":
1. nobi-
2. nobi-
3. nobu
4. nobu-t
5. nobi-re-
6. nobi-ro
As you can see, there are only two unique stem forms, plus three suffixes.
Shimo-nidan (Lower Bigrade)
This verb class is essentially the same as kami-nidan, but with -e instead of -i.
Example: 食ぶ tabu "eat":
1. tabe-
2. tabe-
3. tabu
4. tabu-t
5. tabe-re-
6. tabe-ro
S Irregular
There is only one core verb in this class, す su "do". The stem is actually a single consonant, and it has somewhat unpredictable vowel forms.
1. se-
2. shi-
3. su
4. su-t
5. se-re-
6. sē
There are a number of other verbs that have su or zu as a suffix and that behave the same way, e.g. 信ず shinzu "believe":
1. shinze-
2. shinji-
3. shinzu
4. shinzu-t
5. shinze-re-
6. shinzē
K Irregular
There is only one verb in this class, 來る kuru. Like the s irregular class, its vowels are somewhat unpredictable:
1. ko-
2. ki-
3. kuru
4. kuru-t
5. ko-re
6. ko-i
The r-irregular and n-irregular classes of Classical Japanese have merged into godan.
The change from Classical Japanese yodan (quadrigrade) to Yabushionese godan (quintigrade) is due to the hortative suffix -u, which attached to the irrealis stem (supplemented with the suffix -ya in all non-yodan/godan verbs). The combination of -a + -u resulted in the vowel -ọ̄, creating a new base stem. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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