cws
Greetings Guest
home > library > journal > view_article
« Back to Articles ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article » Journal
Use of kay/toy/ne/ha
1▲ 1 ▼ 0
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 18 Jul 2018, 01:41.

[comments]
[Public] ? ?
?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Menu 1. The use of kay/toy 2. The use of ne/ha
There are four verbs in Kavrinian that are equivalent to English "to be": kay, toy, ne, ha, basically, the usage of kay and toy are similar, and the usage of ne and ha are similar, with toy being the inanimate counterpart of kay, and ha being the inanimate counterpart of ne.

[edit] [top]The use of kay/toy

Basically, kay/toy are used for permanent attributes. It is used for the descriptions, occupations, characteristics, times, origin and relationships. Some examples are listed below:

Descriptions
Descriptions indicates the essential quality of someone or something that is expected to be permanent and non-changing such as names, physical descriptions, identities(nationalities, religions, etc.)
- Ritley kag - I am Ridley
- gaan kag - I am tall
- zaac kag - I am short
- Lhavrëšu kag - I am a Lhavrinian
- Lhavrëšu kal - You are a Lhavrinian
- Lhavrëšu kay yay rinh - that person is a Lhavrinian
- Lhavrëšur kavi - those person are Lhavrinians

Occupations
Occupations indicates something that one does for a living(and maybe for a hobby).

- oorvestalu kag - I am a conlanger
- vaavan kal - you are a farmer
- liv kay yay rinh - that person is a doctor
- zuklhörër kavi - they are students

Characteristics
Characteristics at here indicates attributes inherent to someone or something or attributes that is not expected to change over time.

- arën kay yay rinh - that person is smart
- vuu toy yees - the house is big

Times
Time refers to days, months, years, etc. and the time on the clock.

Origin
Origin indicates the source, origin or material of a person or an object.

- Lhavrëšnhën ra kay yay rinh - that person is from Lhavres
- Lhavrëšnhën ra kavi - those person are from Lhavres
- Lhavrëšnhën ra toti nu gaayër - these products are from Lhavres
- koon ra toy töy - glass is made of sand

Relationships
Relationships can indicate any kind of interpersonal relationships, be it a familial, friendly, romantic, occupational, etc. and can indicate the relationship between objects and concepts too.

- Luk ru'ata kay Tart-Vetër - Darth Vader is Luke's father
- qigelhaa kay - he is our boss(inclusive we)
- tïnkila të cseerh tïtsi toy laavïnki-të-tö - 6 plus 3 is 9

[edit] [top]The use of ne/ha

Basically, ne/ha are used for temporary states or locations. It is used for positions, locations, conditions, emotions and feelings. Some examples are listed below:

Locations
Location indicates the actual location of something, be it temporary, permanent, physical, conceptual, etc.

- Lhavrëšnhën a neg - I am in Lhavres.
- hoyna nhï csëqyöru ne - there's a terror bird in the pen.
- ovna va käältonhlhës ha - the post office is by the store.

Conditions
Physical and mental conditions are used with ne/ha, as in most cases, they are expected to change over time, even if the conditions eventually become long-lasting:
- ek ne - he is sick.
- seetče neg - I am tired.
- čiin ne yoy rinh - that person is healthy.

Also used with verbs ending in the passive participle -če, which acts like verbs:

- nhakče ha - it is found.
- vaanče neyooy - he was killed.

Emotions and Feelings
Emotions and feelings indicate how one feels at a given moment, as emothins and feelings are expected to change over time, the ne/ha forms are used.
- cooq neg - I am sad.
- öölh ne yoy rinh - that person is happy.

Like Standard German, when the feeling is from ambient conditions, the person who feels is in the dative case. Usually, the ne/ha forms are used as it is a part of emotions/feelings and conditions. For example:
- gav qiis ha - I am cold/I feel cold(the surrounding is cold and I feel it)
- gav qiis ne - he/she is cold to me(someone is bodily or emotionally cold and I feel that)

By contrast:
- qiis neg - I am cold(which means "my body is cold", or "I am cold emotionally now", instead of "the surrounding is cold and I feel it".)
- qiis kag - I am cold(which means "my body is always cold and it is not expected to change" or "I am always emotionally cold and it is not expected to change")
✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
Comments
privacy | FAQs | rules | statistics | graphs | donate | api (indev)
Viewing CWS in: English | Time now is 29-Mar-24 12:31 | Δt: 2190.923ms