Noun morphology
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 19 Feb 2019, 15:53.
[comments] nounsspt
1. Noun morphology
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3. Verb morphology
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Nouns are inflected for number and posessor. There are several noun classes that usually correspond to differences in animacy, inalienability and the count/mass distinction. The noun word is as follows:
POSS-Noun/NUMBER-STATE/CLASS
Number is marked with a prefix, a suffix, reduplication and/or suppletion. Nominalized verbs retain their pluralizations long with the noun inflection.
Possesion is marked with a prefix. Third person is not used if there is an overt noun as the posessor.
The suffix slot marks construct state and class. If the noun is posessed the construct state is used.
Noun classes can be divided into 3 groups: animates, possessed and inanimates. Classes, however, are not semantic and some nouns can belong to a different class or shift between them with some derivational morphology.
Class A and B nouns can shift to class D by the suffixes -or, -ol, -oł, if they are goig to be posessed. Proper nouns have a preffix s- for females/non gender and n- for males if when they're not vocative.
It comprises most human nouns and some salient animates.
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| abs | -e | -oi |
| constr | -o | -i |
It has most animates that are not human.
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| abs | -a | -axi |
| constr | -i | -ixi |
It has possesed animate nouns, such as domestic animals and non-kinship human relationships. These nouns have a special form if they are non-posessed.
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| abs | -yi | -yo |
| constr | -ikeu | -iko |
| 1s | se/a-ikeu | se/a-iko |
| 1p | ke/a-ikeu | ke/a-iko |
| 2ts | de/a-ikeu | de/a-iko |
| 2tp | dir/dei-ikeu | dir/dei-iko |
| 2vs | ñ-ikeu | ñ-iko |
| 2vp | ñir/ñei-ikeu | ñir/ñei-iko |
| 3s | u-ikeu | u-iko |
| 3p | ur-ikeu | ur-iko |
It is the inalienable classes. It comprises most of body part nouns and kinship terms (items that have to be posessed).
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| abs | -ima | -imaxi |
| constr | -o | -oho |
| 1s | je/a-o | je/a-oho |
| 1p | qe/a-o | qe/a-oho |
| 2ts | nde/a-o | nde/a-oho |
| 2tp | ndał-o | ndał-oho |
| 2vs | ñ-o | ñ-oho |
| 2vp | ñał-o | ñał-oho |
| 3s | i-o | i-oho |
| 3p | oł-o | oł-oho |
As some of the prefixes have diphthongs, they trigger monophthongization on the root.
| 'cheek' | s | pl |
|---|---|---|
| abs | ceibima | ceibimaxi |
| x constr | ceibe | ceibi |
| 1s | jeceibe | jeceibi |
| 1p | qeceibe | qeceibi |
| 2vs | ndeceibe | ndeceibi |
| 2vp | ndaicebe | ndaicibi |
| 2ts | nceibe | nceibi |
| 2tp | ñaicebe | ñaicibi |
| 3s | iceibe | iceibi |
| 3p | oicebe | oicibi |
Nouns in -o (derived from A or B nouns) have somewhat different suffixes.
| s | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| abs | rasoima | rasoimaxi |
| constr | rasou | rasoi |
| 1s | jarasou | jarasoi |
| 1p | qarasou | qarasoi |
| 2vs | ndarasou | ndarasoi |
| 2vp | ndairasou | ndairasoi |
| 2ts | ñarasou | ñarasoi |
| 2tp | ñairasou | ñairasoi |
| 3s | irasou | irasoi |
| 3p | oirasou | oirasoi |
First inanimate class, for countable nouns (those that can be pluralized). They can have possessive morphology similar to class C.
Reduplication often involves a change in the stem initial consonant and the reduplicating affix has different forms according to that same sound, besides the usual consonant and vowel changes.
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| abs | -u | RED-u |
| constr | -ou | RED-ou |
Affix: CV- stem: CVCC
| s | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| abs | duhłau | duduhłau |
| constr | duhłou | duduhłou |
Affix: N- stem: N(C)V
| garden | s | pl |
|---|---|---|
| abs | mekaugu | menkaugu |
| constr | mekaugu | menkaugu |
Stem CVG Stem change: CVK (G and K are modal and ejective plosives)
| garden | s | pl |
|---|---|---|
| abs | dedu | detu |
| constr | dedou | detou |
Affix: CVi Stem: łV
| egg | s | pl |
|---|---|---|
| abs | łobu | łoibu |
| constr | łobou | łoibo |
Stem: i (from former łi) Stem change: i<ei
| rope | s | pl |
|---|---|---|
| abs | iłeu | iłou |
| constr | eiłu | eiłu |
Stem: KVG- Stem change GVK-
| rock | s | pl |
|---|---|---|
| abs | kodunju | gotunju |
| constr | kodunjou | gotunjou |
Second inanimate class, mostly mass nouns. Some have a singulative form with the suffix -unj, that shifts them to class E. These nouns can't be possessed.
| abs | -ya |
|---|---|
| constr | -ike |
sun
| abs | duña |
|---|---|
| constr | dunike |
grass
| abs | yoroya |
|---|---|
| constr | yoroike |
| abs | koja |
|---|---|
| constr | kodike |
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