Verb morphology
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 27 Mar 2019, 18:24.
[comments] sptverbsspetagee
1. Noun morphology
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3. Verb morphology
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Spetagee verbs are mostly prefixing, and are conjugated for person and number of subject and object, TAM and voice. The only suffix shows transitivity and temporal sequences on serial verbs.
The noun word has the following affixes:
Spetagee is an active language. Stative verbs are usually marked with patient prefixes, and dynamic verbs with agent prefixes. Transitive verbs mark both arguments, and ditransitive verbs mark the agent and the patient with higher hierarchy.
Second person has two forms, the honorific is usually formed with the reflexive prefix eud- and both patient and agent marking for intransitive verbs, regardless of agency (note that true reflexives only use the agent prefix).
The patient set of pronouns also has two forms, one for animate patients and one for inanimates.
As for number, agent pronouns have suppletive forms for singular and plural, while only 3rd person patients have different forms. Plural is marked with a series of vocalic prefixes and a glottal prefix <·-> closer to the stem.
Third person agent prefixes has allomorphs used when the patient is also a 3rd, according to animacity. Third person inanimate patients have different forms for all agent persons.
This set of prefixes is used for agent arguments.
For intransitives, second person formal has a special form which is formally a passive (formally, a reflexive and a causative prefixes). Some verbs are suppletive forms for second persons. This form is
Most of these verbs have a prefix e- which was first used with motion verbs and then extended to the whole class. This prefix is part of a series of prefixes showing path of movement.
| x | sg | pl |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | j- | g- |
| 2t | ñ- | n- |
| 2v | s-ñ-eu- | s-n-eu- |
| 3 | h- | b- |
| x | sg | pl |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | miji·ñeu | migu·ñeu |
| 2t | mini·ñeu | minu·ñeu |
| 2v | mihñeu·ñeu | mihneu·ñeu |
| 3 | mihu·ñeu | mibo·ñeu |
This prefixes are used for patient arguments. Number is marked with another prefix. Second person formal uses both agent and patient with the prefix -im.
| x | sg | pl |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | bi-u- | bi-i- |
| 2t | s-i- | s-e- |
| 2v | s-i-n-im- | s-e-n-im- |
| 3 | ∅- | ha- |
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Byudumyasu | Bidumyasu |
| 2t | sidumyasu | sedumyasu |
| 2v | Sinindumyasu | Senindumyasu |
| 3 | dumyasu | Hadumyasu |
| 1SG.PAC | 1PL.PAC | 2SG.PAC | 2PL.PAC | 3SG.PAC.ANIM | 3PL.PAC.ANIM | 3SG.PAC.INAN | 3PL.PAC.INAN | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG.AGT | un-j- | s-j- | s-j-·- | j- | j-·- | m- | a-w-·- | |
| 1PL.AGT | un-g- | s-g- | s-g-·- | g- | g-·- | m-a- | a-w-a-·- | |
| 2SG.AGT | bi-ñ- | bi-ñ-·- | un-ñ- | ñ- | ñ-·- | i-ñ- | a-l-·- | |
| 2PL.AGT | bi-n- | bi-n-·- | un-n- | n- | n-·- | i-n- | a-l-a-·- | |
| 3SG.AGT | bi-h- | bi-h-·- | s-h- | s-h-·- | - | ·- | a- | a-·- |
| 3PL.AGT | bi-b- | bi-b-·- | s-b- | s-b-·- | a- | a-·- | a-h- | a-h-·- |
| emot see | 1s | 2s | 3s | 1p | 2p | 3p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | jememote | uñemotei | wemotei | unemotei | waimotei | |
| 2s | sjemotei | ñememote | semotei | sgemotei | saimotei | |
| 3s | jemotei | ñemotei | hememote/emotei | gemotei | nemotei | aimotei |
| 1p | iñemosti | yemosti | gememote | inemosti | yaimosti | |
| 2p | sjemosti | xemosti | sgemosti | nememote | xaimosti | |
| 3p | hajemosti | hañemosti | haimosti | hagemosti | hanemosti | amemote/haimosti |
Voice is marked with prefixes.
Causatives
There are two different morphological causatives, one for direct (ku-) and the other for indirect (hm-) causation.
Applicative
Passive
Passive is formed with the prefix -eu(d).
bahmałanweca jibe bo gisoce.
bahmałanweca
mouth=1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I>3IThird person inanimate (person)
it, not he/she/they-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-write-TRTransitive (valency)
has two arguments j-ib-e
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has-name-G4Gender 4 (gender/class) bo
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc gisoce
wall-G6Gender 6 (gender/class)
I wrote my name on the wall.
bahłeudanweci jibe bo gisoce.
bahłeudanweci
mouth=PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-PASPast
action occurred before moment of speech-write-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument j-ib-e
1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.POSSPossessive (case)
owns, has-name-G4Gender 4 (gender/class) bo
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc gisoce
wall-G6Gender 6 (gender/class)
My name was written on the wall.
Middle
Middle voice is derived from a former reflexive un-.
Reflexive
Reflexive is formed with the midle un- and a clitic nga=
Reciprocal
Reciprocal is formed with the prefix teb-.
citeugohdihka
Resultative
These prefix makes the patient of a transitive verb become the subject of an stative intransitive. Some dynamic intransitives have an stative form with this prefix.
Pluraccionality
Spetagee verbs have forms according to several kinds of plural events. They are marked with a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
There are two negative prefixes: general x(i)- and imperative qa-. Third person patient prefixes can't appear with the negatives.
Małiñihciha jojoino.
I picked up the fruits.
Xiłijihciha jojoino.
I didn't pick up (any) fruit(s).
Qaiñihciha jojoino.
Don't pick up (the) fruit!
There is a group of suffixes that encode relative tense, switch reference, (ir)realis modality, subordination and causation. They're used to show connection between clauses. They have different pivotal restrictions, that is, they allow different arguments of the verb to be dropped, and some forms are not found. Since they occur together and are deeply related they are presented together.
SIna aidihka sMeri bauhohosou.
ʃinä äitihkʼä smɛʁi päuhuhusou
s-ina
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Hina ∅-ał-∅-dihk-a
3ASUnknown code.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.AGUnknown code-hit-TRTransitive (valency)
has two arguments s-meri
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Mary bau-ho-hos-o-u
FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-REDRed (colour)-laugh-SEQSequential
immediately after main clause.DSDifferent subject (switch-reference/ identity)
different subjects used between clauses-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument
Hina hit Mary and thus Mary laughed.
SIna aidihka sMeri bauhohoseji.
ʃinä äitihkʼä smɛʁi päuhuhusɛt͡ʃi
s-ina ∅-ał-∅-dihk-a s-meri bau-ho-hos-ej-i
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Hina 3ASUnknown code.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.AGUnknown code-hit-TRTransitive (valency)
has two arguments HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Mary FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-REDRed (colour)-laugh-SEQSequential
immediately after main clause.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument
Hina hit Mary and (Hina) laughed.
SIna aibauhohosu sMeri dihkoi.
ʃinä äipäuhuhusɨ smɛʁi tihkʼoi
s-ina ∅-ał-∅-bau-ho-hos-u s-meri dihk-o-i
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Hina 3ASUnknown code.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.AGUnknown code-FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-REDRed (colour)-laugh-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Mary hit-SEQSequential
immediately after main clause.DSDifferent subject (switch-reference/ identity)
different subjects used between clauses
Hina laughed and thus Mary hit her.
SIna aibauhohosu sMeri dihki.
ʃinä äipäuhuhusɨ smɛʁi tihkʼi
s-ina ∅-ał-∅-bau-ho-hos-u s-meri dihk-i
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Hina 3ASUnknown code.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.AGUnknown code-FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-REDRed (colour)-laugh-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Mary hit-SEQSequential
immediately after main clause.SSSame subject (switch-reference)
same subject used between clauses
Hina laughed and hit Mary.
SIna aibauhohosu sMeri dihkoimi.
s-ina ∅-ał-∅-bau-ho-hos-u s-meri dihk-o-im-i
ʃinä äipäuhuhusɨ smɛʁi tihkʼoimi
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Hina 3ASUnknown code.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.AGUnknown code-FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-REDRed (colour)-laugh-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Mary hit-SEQSequential
immediately after main clause.DSDifferent subject (switch-reference/ identity)
different subjects used between clauses-IRRIrrealis
mood
Hina laughed and thus Mary will/would hit her.
SIna aibauhohosu sMeri dihkami.
ʃinä äipäuhuhusɨ smɛʁi tihkʼämi
s-ina ∅-ał-∅-bau-ho-hos-u s-meri dihk-am-i
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Hina 3ASUnknown code.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.AGUnknown code-FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-REDRed (colour)-laugh-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Mary hit-ANTAnterior (tense/aspect)
~perfective, before
Hina laughed because Mary hit her/she hit Mary.
SIna aibauhohosu dihkami sMeri.
ʃinä äipäuhuhusɨ tihkʼämi smɛʁi
s-ina ∅-ał-∅-bau-ho-hos-u dihk-am-i s-meri
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Hina 3ASUnknown code.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.AGUnknown code-FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-REDRed (colour)-laugh-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument hit-ANTAnterior (tense/aspect)
~perfective, before HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Mary
Hina laughed because she hit Mary /*Mary hit her.
SIna aibauhohosu sMeri dihke.
ʃinä äipäuhuhusɨ smɛʁi tihkʼɛ
s-ina ∅-ał-∅-bau-ho-hos-u s-meri dihk-e
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Hina 3ASUnknown code.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.AGUnknown code-FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-REDRed (colour)-laugh-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Mary hit-SIMSimilative (case)
similarity
Hina laughed while hitting Mary/*Mary hit her.
SIna aibauhohosu sMeri eudihke.
ʃinä äipäuhuhusɨ smɛʁi ɛutihkʼɛ
s-ina ∅-ał-∅-bau-ho-hos-u s-meri eu-dihk-e
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Hina 3ASUnknown code.PATPatient (role)
recipient or target of event/action-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.AGUnknown code-FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-REDRed (colour)-laugh-INTRIntransitive (valency)
has one argument HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-Mary PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed-hit-SIMSimilative (case)
similarity
Hina laughed while she was hit by Mary.
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