Dialects of Qgam Dzwo
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 5 Jun 2021, 07:22.
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6. Kwang Radical List
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9. Qgam Auxiliaries
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10. Qgam Basic Syntax
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12. qgam characters to add
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13. Qgam Conjunctions
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16. Qgam Pronouns
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18. Relative Clauses
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19. Sound Changes & Vocab
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24. 五人了刁旋飛機墜落從丘滑鋭靠也乃死害
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Spoken Qgam Dzwo is divided into a number of mutually-intelligible dialects. These dialects vary primarily in phonology and vocabulary, especially the usage of auxiliary verbs.
These dialects can be roughtly divided into three groups: Northern (or Western) Qgam, Eastern Qgam, and Southern Qgam, with variation occurring within each general grouping.
The Northern variety represents the standard dialect. Dialects of the Northwest are notable for making a distinction between palatalized and non-palatalized vowels. This is areal feature that has been incorporated into other surrounding dialects, notably in the Ham Year dialect, but it is absent in the southeast. Grammatically, they are notworthy for their use of the present indicative auxiliary do, absent in other dialects.
Phonologically, the Eastern dialects are noteworthy for their absence of coda /m/, the merger of /ʎ/ into /j/, and the loss of the glottal stop /ʔ/. Additionally, coda /ɻ/ is realized as a tap or trill, and is realized in coda position only as creaky voice on nucleus vowel. Many diphthongs are also simplified. Grammatically, they are noteworthy for their use of the present indicative auxiliary way, which does not occur in other dialects.
As mentioned above, the southern dialects are identifiable by their complete lack of a palatalization distinction in vowels (more specifically, the fronting of certain vowels following palatal consonants), and the nasalization of vowels before coda nasals. The use of the auxiliary bwoy/boy for future is typical, while the auxiliary šruo/šro, found in other dialects, is absent. The auxiliary jer "must" is also absent, replaced by cam, which means "should" in other dialects.
There is some variation in onset consonants, though many consonants are identical across all dialects. The following table outlines the various realizations of all onset consonants:
| Romanization | Northern Qgam | Eastern Qgam | Southern Qgam | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ļmeaĝ (Northwestern) | Hwam Deaĝ Ruom (Standard) | War Moy (Northeastern) | Me La Khea | Caa Ļer (Sĝki Ldzaa) | Ham Year | Das Roy (Swom Cor) | Ĝli (Northern Twam Kheaw) | Dem (Southern Twam Kheaw) | |
| p | |||||||||
| b | |||||||||
| m | |||||||||
| t | |||||||||
| d | |||||||||
| n | |||||||||
| s | |||||||||
| dz | |||||||||
| l | |||||||||
| r | |||||||||
| c | |||||||||
| j | |||||||||
| š | |||||||||
| ç | |||||||||
| ļ | |||||||||
| y | |||||||||
| k | |||||||||
| kh | |||||||||
| g | |||||||||
| ĝ | |||||||||
| h | |||||||||
| q | |||||||||
Rhymes are made up of a vowel nucleus and an optional final consonant. In many cases, the final consonants affect the specific pronunciation of the nucleus vowels, and in many dialects, especially in the north, certain onset consonants also alter vowel pronunciation. Additionally, rhymes exhibit considerable variation among dialects. The following chart outlines all possible rhymes in the various dialects:
Work in progress! Blank squares have yet to be decided.
| Rhyme | Northern Qgam | Eastern Qgam | Southern Qgam | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ļmeaĝ | Standard Qgam/Hwam Deaĝ Ruom | War Moy | Me La Khea | Caa Ļer | Ham Year | Das Roy | Ĝli | Dem | ||||||||
| Onset ⇒ | plain | palatal | plain | palatal | plain | palatal | plain | palatal | standard | plain | palatal | standard | standard | standard | ||
| Nucleus + Coda | e | Ø | ||||||||||||||
| i | ||||||||||||||||
| a | ||||||||||||||||
| o | ||||||||||||||||
| ea | ||||||||||||||||
| aa | ||||||||||||||||
| uo | ||||||||||||||||
| e | y | |||||||||||||||
| i | ||||||||||||||||
| a | ||||||||||||||||
| o | ||||||||||||||||
| ea | ||||||||||||||||
| aa | ||||||||||||||||
| uo | ||||||||||||||||
| e | w | |||||||||||||||
| i | ||||||||||||||||
| a | ||||||||||||||||
| o | ||||||||||||||||
| ea | ||||||||||||||||
| aa | ||||||||||||||||
| uo | ||||||||||||||||
| e | r | |||||||||||||||
| i | ||||||||||||||||
| a | ||||||||||||||||
| o | ||||||||||||||||
| ea | ||||||||||||||||
| aa | ||||||||||||||||
| uo | ||||||||||||||||
| e | m, ĝ | |||||||||||||||
| i | ||||||||||||||||
| a | ||||||||||||||||
| o | ||||||||||||||||
| ea | ||||||||||||||||
| aa | ||||||||||||||||
| uo | ||||||||||||||||
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