Qgam Dzwo Verb Conjugation
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6. Kwang Radical List
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9. Qgam Auxiliaries
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10. Qgam Basic Syntax
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12. qgam characters to add
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13. Qgam Conjunctions
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16. Qgam Pronouns
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18. Relative Clauses
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19. Sound Changes & Vocab
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24. 五人了刁旋飛機墜落從丘滑鋭靠也乃死害
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A clause in Qgam Dzwo requires at least two verbal elements: the auxiliary verb and the main verb. Their functions are outlined below.Auxiliary verbs appear directly after the subject of a clause and indicate tense, aspect, mood, or voice. Auxiliary verbs agree with their subject in number only, by means of umlaut, and it is auxiliary verbs that take negative marking.
Auxiliaries fall into two main types: tense/aspect/mood auxiliaries, and voice auxiliaries. Only one of auxiliary each category may appear in conjunction with a single main verb, though one of each may appear together, with the voice auxiliary appearing after the TAM auxiliary.
Subject plurality is marked orthographically by means of the pluralizer 刁 which appears after the auxiliary, e.g.: 得 do (SG), 得刁 dea (PL).
The inventory of possible auxiliary verbs varies among dialects. A full list appears below:
| Tense / Aspect Auxiliaries | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| auxiliary | Western Qgam | Eastern Qgam | Southern Qgam | |||
| SG | PL | SG | PL | SG | PL | |
| Tense / Aspect Auxiliaries | ||||||
| auxiliary | Western Qgam | Eastern Qgam | Southern Qgam | |||
| SG | PL | SG | PL | SG | PL | |
(formal) | ||||||
(informal) | ||||||
(formal) | ||||||
(informal) | ||||||
| Tense / Aspect Auxiliaries | ||||||
| auxiliary | Western Qgam | Eastern Qgam | Southern Qgam | |||
| SG | PL | SG | PL | SG | PL | |
When auxiliaries of two separate types cooccur, tense/modal auxiliaries come before voice auxiliaries:
那木要不被切落
Qhwam mduo ma jer šraa kar la.
here tree NEGNegative (polarity)
not must PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed cut fall
''That tree must not be cut down.''
As auxiliaries of a single class cannot cooccur, instead, the connecting particle 而 ay is used to link clauses, e.g.:
伊被而允了去
Ĝwa šraa ay bluo wea arna.
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed and CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech leave<br>
''He was forced to leave.''
====Main Verbs====
Main verbs occur at the end of a clause and conjugate for certain aspects only. This is accomplished either by means of a prefix or reduplication, depending both on the aspect and the specific auxiliary verb used.
The perfect aspect is marked with the prefix 畢 sak- (sometimes reduced to sk- or sĝ-), e.g.:
* 問 tem "ask" → 畢問 saktem
* 靠話 orsra "declare" → 畢靠話 skorsra
* 有 geaw "own" → 畢有 sĝgeaw
The iterative aspect is marked with the prefix 屢 bis- (sometimes reduced to bs-), e.g.:
* 住 sa "dwell" → 屢住 bissa
* 去 arna "leave" → 屢去 bsarna
The progressive aspect is indicated by an auxiliary for the present tense, but in the past and future tenses, it is instead indicated through reduplication of the main verb, e.g.:
* 獲 hnsa "get" → 獲獲 hnsa hnsa
* 離跑 rimbaaĝ "run away" → 離跑離跑 rimbaaĝ rimbaaĝ
圭葉得畢去
Kea Yaw do skarna.
Kea Yaw PRESPresent tense (tense)
current PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed-leave
''Kea Yaw has left.''
它了刁券券於賣賣
Ĝwea wiy kyom kyom am ĝea ĝea.
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech/PL ticket ticket ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient sell sell
''They were selling tickets.'' ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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