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Morphology in Denpa
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This private article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 2 Feb 2024, 16:19.

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Menu 1. Nouns 2. Verbs 3. Derivations 4. Example

plural: -t (<-s)/-vt (<-os)/-d (< -yo)

possessive:

- 1st sg: -dzn
- 2nd sg: -dzm
- 3rd sg: -tk
- 1st pl: -dzrt
- 2nd pl: -bt
- 3rd pl: -ch
- reflexive: -ng

- 1st sg: n-/nr-
- 2nd sg: m-/mr-
- 3rd sg: k-/Ø-(before words starting with velars or when the object is indefinite)
- 1st pl: bn- (< m-n-)
- 2nd pl: mt- (< m-t-)
- 3rd pl: sh- (< si- )
- reflexive: gv- (< go-)

Adpositions:

Adpositions agree with the person of its objects, below are the agreements for adpositions:

- 1st sg: n-/nr-
- 2nd sg: m-/mr-
- 3rd sg: k-/Ø-(before words starting with velars or when the object is indefinite)
- 1st pl: bn- (< m-n-)
- 2nd pl: mt- (< m-t-)
- 3rd pl: sh- (< si- )
- reflexive: gv- (< go-)



Infinitive: -n/-vn (for stems ending in /r/ or /l/) / -0 (for stems ending in a nasal) (probably from the old Garric gerund ending -m)

Subject:

- 1st sg: dz-/ts-
- 2nd sg: b-/p-
- 3rd sg: y-/g-/k-/Ø-(before 3.SG)
- 1st pl: dz-(stem)-(v)n/ts-(stem)-(v)n
- 2nd pl: b-(stem)-(v)n/p-(stem)-(v)n
- 3rd pl: y-(stem)-ch/0-(stem)-ch

Direct Object:

- 1st sg: n-/nr-
- 2nd sg: m-/mr-
- 3rd sg: kn-/k-(before nasals)/Ø-(before words starting with velars or when the object is indefinite)
- 1st pl: bn- (< m-n-)
- 2nd pl: mt- (< m-t-)
- 3rd pl: sh- (< si- )
- reflexive: gv- (< go-)

Indirect Object:

- 1st sg: -dzn
- 2nd sg: -dzm
- 3rd sg: -tk
- 1st pl: -dznt
- 2nd pl: -bt
- 3rd pl: -ch
- reflexive: -ng

TAM:
- Present Tense: -0
- Past Imperfective: -ach (< -eis)
- Past Perfective: -l/-vl (< -ol)
- Subjunctive: -b (< -b) (the subjunctive mood is also used for present negations)
- Desiderative: -vn (<-Hon)/-rm(<-nm < -nHm, related to Old Sutti nehmer “to think’”)
Note: the desiderative mood can also be used as the future tense.

Other:

- Question marker: -u (cognates with Sutti question particle va)
- Negation: vr-(stem)-(r)m

Preverb:

affix order: (preverb)-(subject)-(negation)-(direct object)-stem-(TAM)-(negation)-(indirect object)-(question marker)

For most verbs with different present stems and past stems, the past stem take all TAM endings, with -a-, -o- or -i- being used as epenthetic vowels; and the present stem is used for the present tense and the infinitive

[edit] [top]Derivations


derivational prefix for verbs:

- up, depletion: d(r)- (< doy-)
- upon, above, over-, super-: dn- (< doy-n-)
- down, apart, asunder: ts'v- (< Hkj'o-)
- under, sub-: ts'r- (<Hokj'-)
- in front, pre-: p(r)- (< Hop-)
- against, opposing, anti-: pn- (< Hop-n-)
- forward, in front, forth: p't'- (< HeH2ps-)
- backward, re-: bk(r)- (< Howk-~Howkj-)
- behind, in the back: kv- (< Hko- / Hok-)
- in, inside, between: m- (< mo-)
- out, outside: dv- (< Hdo-)
- away, off, from: n- (< ni-)
- by, aside, around, about: b(r)- (< weH1- )
- around, about: db(r)- (< Hed-Hogw-)
- with, together, co-, into one: t(r)- (< Hot-)
- re-, again: kvt(r)- (< Huk-o-s-)
- pro-, instead: t'v- (< H2su-)
- back and forth: dzv- (< yu-/yow-)
- to-: ch- (< so-)
- thorough, through, completely: pt(r)- (< bH-o-s-)
- across, through: vn-
- reflexive, self-, auto-: gn- (< g-n-)
- reciprocal, inter-, mutually: ts(r)- (kj-)
- un-, dis-: md-

[edit] [top]Example


- dzvmong
- dzv-m-ong
- 1.SG-2.SG-love
- "I love you"

- brhodzvlu?
- b-r-hodz-l-u
- "did you see that?"

- dbkrdjnol
- d-bkrdjnol
- 3.PL-return.PFV
- "they returned"

- Denpa t'nok da dzgrt'k'a
- Denpa t'nok da dz-g-t'k'a
- Denpa speech at/on 1.SG-3.SG-speak.PRES
- "I speak the Denpa language"

- Denpa t'nokn da dzmdagrt'k'avn
- Denpa t'nokn da dz-mda-g-t'k'a-vn
- Denpa speech at/on 1.SG-NEG-3.SG-SBJV
- "I don't speak the Denpa language"

- zirham ta sich'rtvda dvrkchrtsnamadzolvm
- zirham ta sich'rtvda d-vr-k-chrtsnamadz-ol-m
- government that law 3.SG-NEG-3.SG-announce-PFV-NEG
- "The government didn't announce the law"

- sotsrdzn dvrgbk't'naikolvm
- sots-dzn d-vr-g-bk't'naik-ol-m
- question-1.SG 3.SG.SUB-NEG-3.SG.OBJ-answer-PST.PFV-NEG
- "he didn't answer my question"
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