Misc. Grammar
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Wishing, Liking, Loving, Conditionals and Infinitives
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 1 Feb 2022, 10:29.
[comments] untaggedgrammarltvrconditionalcontingentgerundsinfinitives
2. Misc. Grammar
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?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
"ash" for "would" (CONDConditional (mood)
would) as in "if X, I would Y"
Precedes the verb one would do.
Implies "I wish" or "if only," "i would like to," "i should like to" etc.
The "if" not always necessary. ("i should like to go to the movies…" (implied: "if possible"))
NOTE: typically the ash phrase is in the subjunctive or future tense.
"I wish I could drink blood" > ash + a vivu + vir >
(1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument) CONDConditional (mood)
would.AUXAuxilliary SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events.AUXAuxilliary drink.1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current blood.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
"(ei) ash se vivunu vir…"
(note once more that including a pronoun does make it emphatic so while "ash se vivunu vir" is more of a simple desire ("I wish I could drink blood…"), by comparison "ei ash se vivunu vir" is more emphatic like… "I wish I could drink blood!"
"if" is "ría," or more rarely "reja" (CNTGContingent (mood)
if, when, because of) and used in specific grammatical forms in which the conditional mood is based on another condition
IE: "IF it rains, I WOULD LIKE to stay home" and like ash, precedes the verb in question directly.
Can be translated as "when" in some cases as well, when a condition relies upon that when. (but "when" can also, like English, come in a different more concrete form in which it is expressed as a certainty rather than a possibility ie "if i die—" "when you die." affirming that you WILL die)
This if/when (ría) must be some condition entirely separate from the desire.
EXAMPLE:
IF (when) I die (future), I SHOULD LIKE you to cremate (future) me:
CNTGContingent (mood)
if, when, because of.AUXAuxilliary FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.AUXAuxilliary SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events.AUXAuxilliary die-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current, (2Second person (person)
addressee (you).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument) CONDConditional (mood)
would.AUXAuxilliary FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.AUXAuxilliary SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events.AUXAuxilliary cremate.2Second person (person)
addressee (you).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current (1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient)
"Ría va se hazanu, (sho) ash va se cremoreni (ei)."
also could be translated into English as simply, "if i die, cremate me." (related to the subjunctive's overlap as imperative)
Note that the nominative 2nd person singular pronoun "sho" precedes the entire conditional verb phrase. its placement beforehand, if spoken, emphasizes the role of the verb as 2nd person—you will be doing the cremating, not me. and because "hazanu" is in 1st person singular, the 1st person pronoun "ei" at the end is similarly optional or emphatic.
Infinitives CAN form nouns (as in, "to write/writing" as in, "I like to write," "I am good at (the act of) writing") and is almost only used for verbal nouns in fact, with exceptions for written literary or highbrow spoken Latverian particularly in the N/NE area of the country near Transylvania.
Infinitive and subjunctive are most used for "want to [verb]" or "[verb] to [verb] constructions
those being
the a vi, se, etc. (see subjunctive verb chart)
You can say "I like to write" using the verb "like" and the infinitive form "to write," and it will sound quite formal or literary, but it is uncommon.
Or instead, the more common route: you can use the gerund form to say "I like writing."
THE PROPER STUCTURE FOR "I LIKE X-ING" IS "X-ING IS PLEASING TO ME" ie
[subject] please.3SGUnknown code.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current 1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
the gerund is typically treated as if it were a nominative so the verb "to be pleased by" is typically in 3rd person singular. (lashene)
Note that this structure is the same for nouns that you like. Whatever you like is the subject
"I like drinking blood." = "drinking blood pleases me"
drinking blood is the subject > drinking specifically, which becomes gerund form: in this case vivunti, followed by its object (vir) in accusative form (which is identical to nominative in masculine nouns), followed by the verb "to be pleased by" and the dative pronoun.
"Vivunti vir lashene eí."
so in the case of gerund-liking phrases, the gerund is the subject or nominative and if it happens to have an object, then that object is typically accusative, while if it was the noun alone it would be nominative… but that's really only relevant for feminine nouns.
Speaking of which...
Let's try a feminine noun and see how it changes:
"I like armor." = "armor pleases me"
"Armoura lashene eí."
"I like (the act of) removing armor" = "Removing armor pleases me"
"Cascsunti armour lashene eí."
Here you can see that in the first structure, where "armoura" (or "armura" if you prefer that spelling/pronunciation) is the subject, it is in nominative form (which ends in -a), while in the second structure, where "armoura" is part of the gerund and the gerund itself is the subject, "armoura" is consequently in its accusative form in which the final vowel has been dropped to be, simply, "armour." (or "armur")
You can also remove the dative pronoun at the end if you so desire (in this case "eí"), though in this and related structures it is typically kept as it clarifies who is pleased by the subject.
Moving on from our armor fetishist,
Using a pronoun and a regular noun, "She likes spaghetti."
spaghetti.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity please.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
"Zbakét lashene jae."
Though here you could most definitely say "He likes eating spaghetti" as well:
eat.GERGerund
verbal noun spaghetti.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity please.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity 3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location.
"Jetunti zbakét lashene őí."
"I like blood" = "blood pleases me"
blood is the subject here so it takes the nominative, while the pronoun is dative:
"Vir lashene eí."
"A amor," like "a lashe" is typically in the third person as the thing you like is the subject which pleases--therefore they must match in case, and the thing you love or like is typically the nominative subject.
Jonathan loves Wyatt = wyatt(subject/nom) is loved (verb) by jonathan (dative)
Wyatt.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument love.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity Jonathan.DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location
"Vajat amorane Jonatani."
As you can see the verb "a amora" (to (be) love(d by)) is used in the same structural format as "a lashene" (to (be) please(d by)) but ~amor~ is more ~romantic~.
And thus, naturally, Victor never says he "likes" anything but only that things "please" him.
Anyway any English language speakers basically just have to memorize that "I like" and "I love" is in the opposite order of English, and that the object of affection is almost always nominative and comes first while the person doing the liking is almost always dative and comes second.
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