Asuranesian Sound Changes
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 11 Apr 2019, 00:54. Editing of this article is shared with Asuranesia.
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This article has been marked as out of date. There's a possibility that some information is incorrect.
This article has been marked as out of date. There's a possibility that some information is incorrect.
C = Consonant
Cʷ = Labialised consonant
C̬ = Voiced consonant
V = Vowel
U = Rounded vowel
F = Fricative
F̥ = Voiceless fricative
N = Nasal
A = Approximant
S = Stop
B = Labial consonant
D = Voiced stop
T = Voiceless stop
Early-Proto-Asuranesian
Proto-Asuranesian| Rule | Example |
|---|---|
| ɸ → f [+rounding on E and /i/] ɸ → h / #_V [+rounding on E and /i/] | *táɸl- → *táfl- (to drink) *ɸelák → *helák- (a type of songbird) *juɸÉp → *jufúp- (knife) *ɸil- → *hyl- (to give) + shift from thematic C-Stem to athematic 0-Stem |
| ɹʷ → ɹ [+rounding on E and /i/] | *-rʷEp → *-rup/-rəp (ABL.SG) Contrasting forms as in Early-PAS rhotic sequences would coalesce so that /ɹɹʷ/ > /ɹ/ meaning any noun ending in /ɹ/ wouldn't exhibit E-Rounding in this case |
| ʔ [-accent] → ∅ / #_V , V_# | *ʔoʔló → *oʔló- (pig) |
| ə [-accent] → ∅ When word final [+C̥_ > C̬] ə [+accent] → a | *-ɣsə → *-jz (ERG.PL) |
| ʔə [-accent] → ∅ / V_# [+accent] | *-gaʔə → *-gá (ACC.DU) |
| ʔi [-accent] → ∅ / CʷE_# , BE_# , ɸi_#[+accent] E > y / i > y causes coalescence of /i/ + deletion of /ʔ/ | *-izʷEʔi *-izʷý (ERG.PAU) |
| ɣ → ∅ / _# ɣ → j ɣ → x / _C̥ , C̥_ | *-ɣsə → *-jz (ERG.PL) *taɣs- → *taxs- (he/she cuts) |
| E → ə E → u / B_ , Cʷ_ E → y / B_I , B_ə , Cʷ_I , Cʷ_ə | *kErE- → *kárə- (to be red) *kʷElt > *kult- (dog) *-izʷEʔi *-izʷý (ERG.PAU) |
| ! ə → a / _ə (usually preceding unaccented schwa; makes certain verbs thematic) ə [-accent] → ∅ / #(C)(C)..._ə[-accent](C)(C)...V[+accent]ʔ (loss of unaccented schwa when initial and preceding another unaccented schwa and an accented vowel with a coda /ʔ/ | *kErE- → *kárə- (to be red) Shit to thematic vowel makes verb go from 0-Stem to V-Stem *kErEmíʔbu → *krəmíʔbu- (copper) |
| kʷ → k / _U in a monosyllabic word | *kʷElt > *kult- (dog) - compare the ergative form *kʷýltəkn |
E is a hypothesised vowel that has been reconstructed based on vowel variation in certain inflections. The current theory is that after a labial consonant this vowel became /u/, after a labial consonant and preceding /i e a ə/ it became /y/, and in all other situations it became /ə/. This is of course debated and E is variously reconstructed as [ɨ], [ɯ] and [ɵ] with no exact consensus on the true nature of this vowel. E-Rounding refers to the process by which E became a rounded vowel (either /u/ or /y/) whereas the other process (E > /ə/) is called E-Lowering, although depending on the interpretation of E's quality; whether it was already rounded or not, these names may be misleading.
Proto-Littoro-MarianicPre-Proto-Littoro-Marianic
This stage began with the separation of a distinct speech from others within the Proto-Asuranesian dialect continuum. It contained many innovations, some of which were shared with other Asuranesian branches such as the vocalisation of certain consonants when in clusters, probably through areal contact. Mutual intelligibility with other dialects would have remained for a while but as the proto-asuranesian peoples spread across the west coast of Nagu, these differences quickly accumulated and this early dialect would have quickly developed into a new language.
| Rule | Example |
|---|---|
| D > T / F̥_ , C_F̥ | |
| V [+pitch] > V: | |
| VV (same vowel) > V: | |
| ʔ > ∅ / #_ (+ pitch / _V) | |
| Formation of affricates and voicing of fricatives: SF [+homorganic +same voicing] > S͡F bf > v gx > ɣ gxʷ > w | |
| J-Merging ij > i: , ej > i yj > y: , uj > y əj > e | |
| j > e̯ / {a,o}_ j > ɟ / V:_C̬ j > ∅ / V:_ | |
| Vocalisation: ʔ > ɑ / C_C ɹ > a: / C_C kʷ > ku / C_C xʷ > u: / C_C | |
| ʔ > q / _C , V_# | |
| Clusters broken by /ə/ (/a/ after glottals , /o/ after /xʷ/): - FASFA > FAəSFəA - FFSFA > FFəSFəA - FAS > FAəS - NA > NəA | |
| {b > v , d > ð , g > ɣ} / V_V | |
| a > ɑ / _(C){ʔ,q,ʔ͡h} | |
| h > ʔ ʔ͡h > h x > h / _u,u: |
Early Proto-Littoro-Marianic
This stage began its evolution as a dialect of Proto-Asuranesian that had lengthened vowels, vocalised or broken clusters and formed new affricates from old homorganic consonant sequences. The consonant system was still that of PAS plus several new phonemes but the contrastive vowel length and broken clusters already made the language very different from the earlier form of PAS. Mutual intelligibility might have still existed with other descendants of PAS due to the widespread distribution of PLM speakers across the west coast of Nagu, but it would have been strained with this period marking the definitive break of Littoro-Marianic from the other Asuranesian languages and the beginning of Littoro-Marianic proper, containing most of the sound changes that are now held to define this branch distinctively. This stage contained various consonant and vowel shifts, insertion of vowels before clustered nasals and the continued loss of the glottal stop.
| Rule | Example |
|---|---|
| NA > AN / _# | |
| Vowel Shift [-pitch]: e > i / open , e > ə / closed o > u / open , o > ɵ / closed a > ə i > o / _B , _Cʷ e > ɵ / _B , _Cʷ e > ja / u:C_ | |
| ʔ > : / V_# , V_C̬ ʔ > ∅ / C_# | |
| xʷ > w / C̬_ , _C̬ xʷ > m / N_ xʷ > v / N_U | |
| q > ʁ / _# q > qɑ / _C̬ h > ʁ / V_V , #_V [+back] | |
| i > y / Cʷ_ | |
| Epenthesis of vowels before nasals in clusters/syllabic nasals (quality uncertain) {n,ŋ} > a{n,ŋ} , m > um CNC > C{a,u}NC NSF > {a,u}NSF NSFA > {a,u}NSFA | |
| ə [-pitch] > ∅ (unless phonotactics don't allow) | |
| a: > o VɹC > V:C a: > ɑ , a: > e / C[+coronal]_ | |
| ð > z ɣ > w / U_ , U_U |
Late Proto-Littoro-Marianic
By this stage, Littoro-Marianic had emerged as a distinctive branch and had undergone many of the sound changes that would make its later descendants recognisable as members of this branch. It had shifted its consonant inventory from a relatively small system to an extensive one rich in obstruents and developed contrasting short-long vowels and nasals, although the pitch accent was retained. This accent had already begun to cause the erosion of unstressed syllables, which would continue in its descendants. The final stage of the language included the remaining development until the breakup into dialects and, most notably, featured the loss of the labialised consonants and emergence of both long nasals and prenasalised stops.
| Rule | Example |
|---|---|
| Monophthongisation: ae̯ > eo oe̯ > əwo | |
| Loss of labialised consonants sʷ > ɬ zʷ > ɮ t͡sʷ > t͡ɬ d͡zʷ > d͡ɮ k͡xʷ > ʍ k͡xʷ > h / _U kʷ > p kʷ > ∅ / _U kʷ > ɕ / _{i,i:,y,y:} | |
| tl > t͡ɬ dl > d͡ɮ | |
| ɟ > d: ɟ > ɕ / {r,T[+coronal]}_{i:,y,y:} | |
| ə > ɵ / _B ɵ: > o | |
| aɹ > a: ə: > a | |
| NN > N: N:D > N: ND > ⁿD DN > ⁿD | |
| Vowel Reduction: Short vowels [-pitch] allophonically centred: {i,e,a,æ} > ə , {y,o,u} > ɵ) unless preceding an accented syllable or following a long vowel |
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