Naduta Verbal Aspect
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An explanation of verb aspect
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 13 Nov 2016, 06:50.
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1. Applicative
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2. Grammar temp
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3. Modals in Naduta
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11. Naduta Phonology
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13. Naduta Pronouns
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14. Naduta Verb Root Forms
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15. Naduta Verbal Aspect
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18. Transitivity
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Naduta has three inherent lexical aspects, and four morphological aspects. The lexically determined aspects are active, frequentative, and stative. The morphological aspects are simple, delimitative, imperfect I, and imperfect II. The lexical aspects are named after the way they behave in the imperfect.Active verbs are fairly self-explanatory in that they indicate actions in general. They cannot use imperfect II.
Frequentative verbs are identical to active verbs in the simple aspect, but the delimitative and imperfect I indicate multiple repetition of an action rather than a single, prolonged action.
Stative verbs are also self-explanatory. They represent an inherently imperfect state.
The simple aspect indicates habitual or recurring actions, much like English, and is also the most common way of indicating future events (though in fact any aspect can indicate future, as there is no future tense).
The delimitative aspect indicates non-permanent events that are occurring for a short or limited time. Stative verbs cannot use the delimitative.
The imperfect I is used for events that have been continuing for a significant length of time. The focus is on the length of time rather of the action than the temporary nature of the action. For active verbs, this indicates a single, protracted action, while for frequentative verbs it indicates repetition of the same action. Stative verbs do not take the imperfect.
The imperfect II is specifically for states that have been continuing for a significant length of time. Active verbs cannot be used in this aspect. For frequentative verbs, it refers to the continuation of a single iteration of the action, and the state of stative verbs. Essentially, the imperfect II for frequentative and stative verbs is the same as the imperfect I for active verbs.
The delimitative is formed by compounding with 取 phe- "to take"
The imperfect I is formed by compounding with 触S whir- "to touch/come in contact with"
The imperfect II is formed by compounding with 有 upu- "to be (somewhere)/exist (in some place)"
The imperfect requires placing the base verb in the adverbial participle form. This is requires the suffix 角 -wa. Certain phonological changes also occur, but this will be covered in a different article.
Here is a table indicating the way in which lexical and morphological aspects combine:
active | frequentative | stative | |
---|---|---|---|
simple | -I walk (usually/as a habit) -I will walk | -I jump (usually/as a habit) -I will jump | -I know |
delimitative | -I'm walking for a while -I'm going to walk for a while | -I'm in the middle of jumping multiple times -I'm going to jump multiple times | |
Imperfect I | -I'm walking -I have been walking for a while | -I'm in the middle of jumping (repeatedly) -I have been jumping (repeatedly) for a while | |
Imperfect I | -I'm in the middle of performing a single jump | -I have know for a while |
Some example sentences:
門l巡立角取c
Nasiih whe phurwa phegu.
gate-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNUnknown code.OBJObject (argument) near stand-CONJConjunction
links two arguments or clauses together take-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
"I'm standing near the gate at the moment."
門l巡FdP叢dl切倒角取c
Nasiih whe upudarih wesrih teydurwa whirgu.
gate-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNUnknown code.OBJObject (argument) near be-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.UKNWUnknown gender (gender)
large or unknown things.OBJObject (argument) bush-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few-UKNWUnknown gender (gender)
large or unknown things.OBJObject (argument) cut.down-CONJConjunction
links two arguments or clauses together take-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
"I’m cutting down bushes near the gate."
門l巡FP叢l切倒角有c
Nasiih whe upudaih wesih teydurwa upugu.
gate-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.KNUnknown code.OBJObject (argument) near be-ATTAttributive
part of a noun or determiner phrase-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.UKNWUnknown gender (gender)
large or unknown things.OBJObject (argument) bush-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity-UKNWUnknown gender (gender)
large or unknown things.OBJObject (argument) cut.down-CONJConjunction
links two arguments or clauses together be-1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
"I’m cutting down a bush near the gate."
Notice in the last two examples that where in English the only change is from plural to singular, Naduta additionally requires a different verb conjugation. ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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