Mawic grammar II.
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Verbs
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 22 Oct 2021, 19:15.
[comments] omwgrammarverbs
2. Mawic grammar I.
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3. Mawic grammar II.
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4. Mawic grammar III.
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5. Mawic Grammar IV.
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6. Mawic Grammar V.
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Suffix class rules
Palatalization rules
Sometimes consonants of the noun stem palatalize before /i/ or /j/.
/d/ and /g/ turns into /d͡ʒ/
/t/ and /k/ turns into /t͡ʃ/
ect...
It is very hard to predict when this happens, but the suffix classes help us.
Vowel shifting rules
Vowel shifting, or umlaut happens, when there is an /i/ in the suffix. It turns /ɛ/ into /i/ and /a/ into /ɛ/ in the original noun stem. It does not occur in noun stems that already had a vowel shift, or in back vowel words. For example: /ɛ/ will not turn into /i/ if it was /ø/ in the old form. These words are marked in the dictionary with "UML" tag.
Vowel harmony rules
It is the simplest thing. If we add a suffix to a noun stem ending with a back vowel, the /i/ of the suffix must turn into /u/, and the /ɛ/ into /o/.
Affix order
Verb affixes come in a specific order. There are three slots for the affixes: Tense-Aspect-Mood, Voice, and subject. Only the T/A/M affix can modify the verb stem, the voice and subject can not trigger palatalization, or vowel shifting.
| Verb stem | T/A/M | Voice | Subject |
|---|---|---|---|
speaker has indirect knowledge.PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense) have verb-ed.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood) desired or possible events | be verb-ed | speaker, signer, etc.; I | |
Fun fact: The longest possible verb in OMW is guloguzororudótógdujgug, which means: "we might had made (them) hold (it) back".
Infinitive form
The infinitive verb can only be combined with the voice suffixes. The infinitive form of the verb is marked with a suffix -fa/fo, which comes after the voice suffix.
métij
métij
eat.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.DIREDirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has direct knowledge.ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
He/she is eating.
métijfa
métijfa
eat-INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb
To eat.
métijdafa
métijdafa
eat-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed-INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb
To be eaten.
métijdijfa
métijdijfa
eat-CAUVCausative voice (voice)-INFInfinitive (TAM)
non-tensed verb
To feed.
Gerundive form
The gerund suffix -da/go turns the verb into a noun. It can also be combined with voices to create new words.
métij
métij
eat.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.DIREDirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has direct knowledge.ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
He/she is eating.
métijda
métijda
eat-GERGerund
verbal noun
(The act of) Eating.
métijdijda
métijdijda
eat-CAUVCausative voice (voice)-GERGerund
verbal noun
(The act of) Feeding.
Mawic lost many of the Ancient-Mawic aspects. Only the imperfective, perfective and perfect left. The evidential distinction in the past tense was left untouched, but the old non-past indirect evidential turned into the future tense. Necessitative, optative, abilitative mood merged into a single subjunctive. Due to the sound changes there are many different patterns and irregularities, but most of the verbs belong to the first class. If we don't count the subject, and voice affixes, each verb has (maximum) 39 different forms.
▼ Tables from Class I. to Class IV.
▼ Tables from Class V. to Class X.
▼ Tables from Class XI. to Class XV.
*The last consonant of the stem is removed.
Samples:
Yetefa
Yete(fa) - v. (to) peel [CLASS I., UML]
[ˈjɛθɛfa]
Yete
jɛθɛ
peel.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete' ḑetr-eg
d͡ʒɛtr-ɛg
fruit-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
He/she is peeling the fruit.
Yete-w
jɛθɛ-w
peel.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-PREPresent.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action ḑetr-eg
d͡ʒɛtr-ɛg
fruit-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
He/she peels the fruit.
Yete-ta
jɛθɛ-θa
peel.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-PREPresent.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed ḑetr-eg
d͡ʒɛtr-ɛg
fruit-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
He/she have peeled the fruit.
Yiçiridátág
jit͡ʃiriða:ta:g
peel.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.PASTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.IDREIndirect evidential (evidentiality)
speaker has indirect knowledge.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events ḑetr-eg
d͡ʒɛtr-ɛg
fruit-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity
He/she could have peeled the fruit.
Ancient-Mawic did not used passive and middle voices. These suffixes evolved from words, that mean "to change", or "to be". It started as a form of formal speech, where the "respected" person was placed into the rule of the subject. For example:Casual S-O-V (Subject and object are equal):
kúvotu-gu
Kúvotu-gu
ku:voθu-ɣu
peasant-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument etitniçig
etitniçig
ɛθitnit͡ʃig
bricklayer-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity diti
diti
diθi
see.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily
The peasants sees the bricklayers.
Formal/casual S-O-V (Subject is a higher ranked person):
úǵd-u
Úǵd-u
u:ɣd-u
nobleman-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity kúvotu-gug
kúvotu-gug
ku:voθu-ɣug
peasant-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient diti
diti
diθi
see.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily
The nobleman sees the peasants.
Formal O-S-V+PASS (Object is higher ranked person):
úǵd-u
Úǵd-u
u:ɣd-u
nobleman-NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.SGSingular (number)
one countable entity kúvotu-gug
kúvotu-gug
ku:voθu-ɣug
peasant-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient diti-da
diti-da
diθi-ða
see-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed.STATStative (case)
attribute assignment
The nobleman is seen by the peasants.
Later it became widespread in other contexts.
| ACTActive voice (valency, volition) the subject acts, voluntarily | PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.DYNDynamic | PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed.static | MIDMiddle voice (valency) subject is both agent and patient | CAUVCausative voice (voice) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample sentences:
Active voice:
Yukúfo-gug
Yukúfo-gug
juxu:fo-ɣug
god-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient itez-er-dig
itez-er-dig
iθɛz-ɛr-dig
praise-PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.IMPImperative (mood)
command.ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
Praise the gods!
Dynamic passive voice:
Yukúfo-gu
Yukúfo-gu
juxu:fo-ɣu
god-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument itez-eg-te
itez-eg-te
iθɛz-ɛg-tɛ
praise-PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed.DYNDynamic
The gods may be praised! (for ever)
Static passive voice:
Yukúfo-gu
Yukúfo-gu
juxu:fo-ɣu
god-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument itez-eg-da
itez-eg-da
iθɛz-ɛg-da
praise-PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events-PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed.STATStative (case)
attribute assignment
The gods may be praised! (for one time)
Middle voice:
Igéfin-i
Igéfin-i
iɣe:fin-i
governor-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument núd-do
núd-do
nu:d-do
shave.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'-MIDMiddle voice (valency)
subject is both agent and patient
The governor is shaving (himself).
Causative voice:
Igéfin-i
Igéfin-i
iɣe:fin-i
governor-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument núd-dij
núd-dij
nu:d-diʒ
shave.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-CAUVCausative voice (voice) im-ig
im-ig
im-ig
beard-SGSingular (number)
one countable entity.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient çen
çen
t͡ʃɛn
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.GENGenitive (case)
possessive
The governor (makes someone to) shave his beard.
The subject marking suffix of
Mawic evolved from the Ancient-Mawic ergative form of the pronoun.Úbgwó (~by me) > Úgo > -ug/ig
In early times it was used as a form of politeness, but later became the standard by replacing the old prefixing system.
| Number | Person | Suffix | Number | Person | Suffix | Number | Person | Suffix |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGSingular (number) one countable entity |
speaker, signer, etc; I | DUDual (number) two |
speaker, signer, etc; I | PLPlural (number) more than one/few |
speaker, signer, etc; I | |||
addressee (you) | addressee (you) | addressee (you) | ||||||
neither speaker nor addressee | neither speaker nor addressee | neither speaker nor addressee |
If the person subject or subjects appear as nouns in the sentence, it is not needed to mark the number.
Pa-tid
pa-θid
fly.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis-3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them
They fly./They are flying.
Éşegi
e:ʃɛɣi
bird.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few pa
pa
fly.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis
The birds are flying.
In formal speech verbs do not inflect for 2nd and 3rd person. Instead they stay unmarked, and the standalone pronoun is used.
Casual
Tigig
tiɣig
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.CASLCasual (respect/formality)
normal, neutral, informal.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient itez-dig
iθɛz-dig
respect.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily-2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural)
You (pl.) respect them.
Formal
Dignki
dignki
2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural).FORFormal (respect/formality)
for formal situations.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument tignkig
tignkig
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.FORFormal (respect/formality)
for formal situations.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient itez
iθɛz
respect.PREPresent.IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete'.ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily
You (pl.) respect them. literally something like: "Your highness" respects "their highness" ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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