Proto-Enkean Grammar
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Just a simple outline of Proto-Enkean grammar.
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 19 Mar 2020, 19:12.
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Nouns have two classes. Class I nouns end in a consonant while Class II nouns end in a vowel or -Vh. Each class has its own declension. Nouns also inflect for three numbers: singular, plural, and dual; and six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental.
Class I declension: see grammar table 1
Class II declension: see grammar table 2
Proto-Enkean had both definite and indefinite articles. Articles had to agree with the noun in class, number, and case.
Definite:
class I: *fūs, *fŭēs, *fĭīs
class II: *fas, *fŭīs, *fĭēs
Indefinite:
class I: *flūs, *flŭēs, *flĭīs
class II: *flas, *flŭīs, *flĭēs
Inflection:
NOM: *-Ø
GEN: *-ah
DAT: *-ih
ACC: *-eh
LOC: *-uh
INST: *-oh
There are several endings for adjectives:
*-exĭeh “demonym for place of origin”
*-ej₂eh regular adjectival suffix
*-elĭeh definite adjectival suffix, used in adjectives like first, great, etc.
Adjectives also inflect and agree with the noun in number and case.
Adjectival declension: see grammar table 3 (same as Class I nouns)
Personal pronouns are as follows:
Personal pronouns use two different roots: one for their nominative forms and a suppletive root for all other cases (indicated as SPR above). Second person dual and plural also have exclusive (E) and inclusive (I) pronouns; and third person singular pronouns distinguish animate (A) (ie. "he/she") and inanimate (I) (ie. "it") pronouns, but their suppletive roots are the same. All pronouns use Class I Singular case endings suffixed to the suppletive roots.
Other pronouns:
There are substantival/nominal pronouns, not adjectival pronouns. They distinguish between animate and inanimate variants. The table above includes interrogative pronouns (ie. "who" and "what"), relative pronouns (ie. "who" and "what/which" in relative clauses), indefinite pronouns (ie. "someone" and "something") and negative pronouns (ie. "noöne" and "nothing").
There are six categories or classes of verbs, depending on their stem ending. Verbs also inflect for number, person, and tense.
The verb sequence is: root-class-number-tense-person
Classes:
*-t’-ōlĭ, *-k’-ōlĭ
*-ld-ōlĭ, *-lt-ōlĭ
*-nd-ōlĭ, *-nt-ōlĭ
When inflected, the infinitival ending (*-ōlĭ) is dropped and other suffixes are added to the stem:
Number:
SG: *-ū
DU: *-ī
PL: *-ā
Tense:
Present: *-Ø
Past: *-haw₂-
Future: *-how₂-
Person:
1: *-kŭu
2: *-nŭu
3: *-sŭu
Example verb:
*slō-ld-ōlĭ “to see”
> *slō-ld-ū-kŭu “i see”
> *slō-ld-ū-haw₂-kŭu “i saw”
> *slō-ld-ū-how₂-kŭu “i will see”
(bold = stem, underlined = root) ✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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