Derivational Morphology
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Morphological Derivation in Proto-Baredan
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 26 Jun 2019, 19:24.
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This article has been marked as out of date. There's a possibility that some information is incorrect.
Like in Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Baredan uses a system whereby a root and a suffix form a stem, on to which then further endings can be added (or the 'stem' itself can exist as a word). However, unlike in PIE in which it is the consonants alone which define the root with the vowel, except in a few cases, changing due to the process of ablaut, in Proto-Baredan the vowel is an essential part of the root. Instead, it is mainly the affixes that change. As different branches sometimes used different affixed forms as the root instead, this has led to large differences between the branches.
(example to be added later)
The majority of roots are nouns, from which verbs are formed, with exceptions incuding the 'base verbs' (to be, to have etc.)
eg. *rʷax - plant
*qaqyʷe - water
*hńtos - to be
Unlike in Proto-Indo-European, the roots can exist on their own, as basic nouns as shown above. If the coda of the root (given it is a consonant) and the initial consonant of the root do not share the same secondary articulation, the secondary articulation of the affix's consonant changes to match. Also, for the verbalisers specifically, the manner of articulation must agree, with the affic's consonant changing to match the mmaner of articulation of the root coda
eg. rʷax + kʷe > rʷaxxe (to plant)
rʷax + sʲoyʷń> rʷaxsoyʷń (green)
One of the major derivational processes was the formation of verbs from a backderivation of nouns ending in *-agw (formerly restricted to a few words but later spreading across the lexicon, as evidenced by the Nogata Tablet); -agw was reanalysed as an affix, which was removed to give a number of verbs ie. *tʷeyagʷ (hunter) yields *tʷey (to hunt). It appears that these were then often hypercorrected to give a second layer of verbs with the same meaning but more regular ie. *tʷeykʷe (to hunt) from *tʷey (to hunt). These often split semantically in the daughter languages.
Verbs
-kʷe : 'Factiative', derives verbs from the object (ie. 'to plant' from 'plant', 'to feed' from 'food' etc.)
-kʷa : Creates verbs with a more precise meaning (ie. 'to farm' from 'to plant')
-qū : Describes actions relating to the verb ('to grow' from 'plant')
Nouns
sakń- : The place where a noun can be found (ie. 'forest' from 'tree')
-tʷo : The place where a verb takes place (ie. 'farm' from 'to farm')
-sʲoy : Nouns relating to the materials that come from an object (ie. 'wood' from 'tree')
-cig : The noun for of a verb (ie. 'farming' from 'to garm)
-zam : The result of a verb (ie. 'crop, produce' from 'to farm')
-kogʷ : A person who does something in a place or location indicated by the noun or verb
-qagʷ : Equivalent to English -er
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