Desanian language family: view article

Menu 1. Languages 2. Main common features 3. Phonological comparison 4. Lexical comparison 5. Sample texts Article created in: January 2020

(now marked as out of date because it does not include the most recently created Rannyei language and I cannot be bothered to stretch those tables even wider)

The Desanian languages are a language family spoken in the western regions of Dawera, among a few other unrelated groups of languages. The total number of speakers is over 40 million – mainly in Kasewaya, Inwez and Nesyania.

[edit] [top]Languages

Old Desani (de-sane-ehi or desa-ne-hi [dɛsanɛhi]) is the oldest attested Desanian language. It evolved from Proto-Desanian and was spoken on the territories of modern day Kasewaya from 5th to 11th century by various nomadic tribes. Later its regional varieties became two separate languages, forming two main branches of the family: northern and southern. Further splits led to the forming of all modern-day Desanian languages.
• Animacy in Old Desani nouns

Kasewayan (casyýu [casɨju]) is the most widely spoken language among the whole family; the number of L1 speakers is about 30 million in total. It is the official language of Kasewaya and Inwez, and a recognized minority language in a few neighboring countries. It forms a separate (Northern) branch of the language family.
• Grammar

Rashintu (raśiinṭu [ɾɑɕiːɳʈu]) is spoken by an ethnic minority (about 50,000 people) in remote, mountainous regions of western Nesyania. It is disputed whether Rashintu is a Northern Desanian language (like Kasewayan) or forms another branch of the family. It shares many grammatical features with Kasewayan, but is mutually unintelligible with any other Desanian language.
• Grammar

Keranian, natively keraniy [k͡xəɾanej], is a continuum of dialects spoken by an ethnic minority – about 3.5 million people in total – in parts of Kasewaya (where about 10% of citizens speak it as their first language), Nesyania and Tazul. It belongs to the Southern branch of the family and has been noticeably influenced by non-Desanian languages like Nesyanian and Northern Tazuro.
• Dialects and grammar
• Phonotactics

Saridzani (salījani [saliːd͡zaɲi]) is a Southern Desanian language with about 150,000 native speakers. It is spoken in northeastern Nesyania, mainly in the province of Fwarad. Its closest relative is Keranian (especially the eastern dialects) and it was heavily influenced by the Nesyanian language both phonologically as well as lexically.

[edit] [top]Main common features

Nominative-accusative alignment
• direct object marked by a case marker
• verbs agree with the subject only

Strongly head-final head-directionality
• the default word order is SOV
• adjectives preceed nouns they describe
• postpositions only (however, among affixes, not all are head-final)

At least two grammatical verb aspects
• IPFVImperfective (aspect)
'interrupted or incomplete' (default, unmarked) and PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
• PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing in Kasewayan, Keranian and Saridzani
• ITERIterative (aspect)
repeated actions within an event and RCURRecurring (aspect)
action reoccurs once (cf. Iterative) in Keranian
• HABHabitual (aspect)
done often or out of habit in Saridzani

One common writing system
• the Zetaha script derived from the Old Desani syllabary

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian	Saridzani
Morph. typology	mainly analytic	fusional	fusional	fusional	fusional
Animacy	sentient, animate, inanimate	human, non-human	human, non-human	none	none
Nominal cases	none (DODirect object (case/role) marked with an adposition)	3 (NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument, ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient, DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location)	9 (NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument, ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient, GENGenitive (case) possessive, DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location, INSTRInstrumental (case) 'with' 'using', LOCLocative (case) 'in, on, at' etc, ABLAblative (case) away from, TRANSLTranslative (case) becoming, COMComitative (case) 'together with')	6 (NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument, ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient, GENGenitive (case) possessive, DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location, INSTRInstrumental (case) 'with' 'using', ESSEssive (case) 'as, similar')	6 (NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument, ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient, GENGenitive (case) possessive, DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location, INSTRInstrumental (case) 'with' 'using', ESSEssive (case) 'as, similar')
Noun-noun possession	adpositional	adpositional	genitive case	genitive case	genitive case
1PIFirst person plural inclusive (person) we (inclusive) vs 1PEFirst person plural exclusive (person) we (exclusive) distinction	separate pronouns and verb forms	no distinction	no distinction	separate pronouns (+ verb forms in dialects)	separate pronouns
Noun numbers	singular and plural	singular and plural	singular and plural	singular, plural and collective	singular, plural, dual and collective
Pronoun numbers	singular and plural	singular and plural	singular and plural	singular, plural and collective	singular, plural, dual and collective
Copula dropping	none	none	none	present tense	present tense
Causative	no	no	yes	yes	yes
Double negatives	amplify negative	ungrammatical	amplify negative	remain negative (often obligatory)	remain negative

Old Desani is marked with a paler shade of grey as it is an extinct proto-language.

[edit] [top]Phonological comparison

WIP.

Syllable structure and general phonotactics

Old Desani
• the only allowed syllable structure was CV, no clusters or coarticulation allowed
• no vowel length distinction
• in its descendants, closed syllables and consonant clusters appeared due to vowel deletion

Kasewayan
• the maximum syllable structure is CVC or CVːC
• the only clusters allowed are cross-syllable
• in rapid speech /ə ɨ/ can be deleted, which creates word-initial or word-final clusters, e.g. /xajən/ [xajn]

Rashintu
• the maximum syllable structure is CwVC or CwVːC
• most consonants have palatalized equivalents
• other CC clusters are allowed only cross-syllabically

Keranian
• the maximum syllable structure is CCLVCC (L being an approximant or a trill)
• no vowel length distinctions
• most consonants have palatalized and/or geminated equivalents
• clusters larger than CCC are not allowed even cross-syllabically

Saridzani
• the maximum syllable structure is CCVCC or CCVːCC
• most consonants have geminated equivalents
• clusters larger than CCC are not allowed even cross-syllabically

Nasals

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian	Saridzani
Bilabial	m	m	m mʲ	m mː [mʲ mʲː]	m mː
Alveolar	n	n	n	n nː	n nː
Retroflex	―	―	[ɳ]	―	―
Palatal	―	[ɲ]	ɲ	ɲ	ɲ
Velar	―	[ŋ]	[ŋ]	[ŋ]	ŋ
Uvular	―	[ɴ]	―	[ɴ]	―

Plosives

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian	Saridzani
Bilabial	p b	p b	b bʲ	b bː bʲ	b bː
Dental/Alveolar	t d	t̪ d̪	t̪ t̪ʲ d̪ d̪ʲ	t tː d dː tʲ dʲ	t tː d dː
Retroflex	―	―	ʈ ɖ	―	―
Palatal	―	c ɟ	―	―	―
Velar	k g	k	k g	k kː g	k g
Uvular	q	―	―	q	―

Fricatives

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian	Saridzani
Labiodental	v	―	―	v vʲ	―
Alveolar	s z	s z	s z	s sː z	s sː z zː
Postalveolar	―	ʃ	―	―	ʃ ʒ
Alveolopalatal	―	―	ɕ	ɕ ʑ	―
Velar	―	x	―	―	x
Uvular	χ	―	―	χ χʲ	―

Affricates

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian	Saridzani
Alveolar	―	―	t͡s d͡z	t͡s d͡z	t͡s d͡z
Alveolopalatal	―	―	t͡ɕ d͡ʑ	t͡ɕ d͡ʑ d͡ʑː	―
Velar	―	―	―	[k͡x ɡ͡ɣ]	―

Approximants, trills and taps

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian	Saridzani
Alveolar trill/tap	r	r	ɾ ɾʲ	ɾ ɾː ɾʲ	―
Lateral approximant	l	ɫ [l]	l lʲ	l lː lʲ	l
Approximant	j	j w	j w	j jː w wʲ	j w

[edit] [top]Lexical comparison

Numerals from 1 to 10

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian			Saridzani
	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Standard	Kaswihiliy	Bevaradiy	Saridzani
one	âsi [ˈɑsi]	ate [ˈæt̪e]	aty [ɑtʲ]	áśi [ˈɑɕe]	[ˈɒʃi]	[ˈɑʃe]	aś [aʃ]
two	tole [ˈtɔlɛ]	səl [səɫ]	ṭul [ʈul]	tol [tol]	[tuɫ]	[tul]	tul [tul]
three	dezare [dɛˈzarɛ]	zar [zær]	jar [d͡zɑɾ]	dzar [d͡zaɾ]	[d͡zaʁ]	[zaɾ]	jal [d͡zal]
four	soqe [ˈsɔqɛ]	tək [t̪ək]	tug [t̪ug]	soq [sok]	[sok]	[suk]	suk [suk]
five	xoma [ˈχɔma]	humə [ˈxumə]	huma [huˈmɑ]	home [ˈχumə]	[ˈχumə]	[ˈxumə]	huma [ˈxuma]
six	zore [ˈzɔrɛ]	dər [d̪ər]	dur [d̪uɾ]	zor [zoɾ]	[zoʁ]	[zuɾ]	zul [zul]
seven	ikoma [iˈkɔma]	ekmə [ˈekmə]	ekma [ækˈmɑ]	ikome [eˈkumə]	[iˈkumə]	[eˈkumə]	ekuma [eˈkuma]
eight	voye [ˈvɔjɛ]	bəý [bəj]	buy [buj]	vwi [vwe]	[vəj]	[vwe]	bwe [bwe]
nine	duse [ˈdusɛ]	zot [zot̪]	ḍut [ɖut̪]	dwoś [dwoɕ]	[dwoʃ]	[duʃ]	dus [dus]
ten	lâye [ˈlɑjɛ]	laý [ɫæj]	lay [lɑj]	láy [lɑj]	[ɫɒj]	[lɑj]	laý [laj]

Basic colors

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian			Saridzani
	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Standard	Kaswihiliy	Bevaradiy	Saridzani
black	laga-hi [laˈgahi]	láxy [ˈɫɑːʀɨ]	laajəś [ˈlɑːd͡zəɕ]	lagay [ˈlagaj]	[ˈɫagaj]	[ˈlaɣəj]	lage [ˈlage]
white	hosa-hi [hɔˈsahi]	oteý [ˈot̪ej]	utaś [uˈt̪ɑɕ]	osay [ˈosaj]	[ˈusaj]	[ˈosəj]	ose [ˈose]
red	oxeva-hi [ɔχɛˈvahi]	ośibeý [oˈʃibej]	uhebaś [uhæˈbɑɕ]	wahvay [ˈwaʁvaj]	[ˈwagvaj]	[ˈwaʔvəj]	wahbe [ˈwaɣbe]
blue	âta-hi [ɑˈtahi]	ásy [ˈɑːsɨ]	aaṭəś [ˈɑːʈəɕ]	átay [ˈɑtaj]	[ˈɑtaj]	[ˈɒtəj]	ate [ˈate]
yellow	xaba-hi [χaˈbahi]	hápy [ˈxɑːpɨ]	haapəś [ˈhɑːpəɕ]	habay [ˈχabaj]	[ˈχabaj]	[ˈxabəj]	habe [ˈxabe]
green	roda-hi [rɔˈdahi]	rozeý [ˈrozej]	ruḍaś [ɾuˈɖæɕ]	dray [dɾaj]	[dɾaj]	[dɾəj]	dle [dle]
brown	zama-hi [zaˈmahi]	dámy [ˈd̪ɑːmɨ]	daaməś [ˈd̪ɑːməɕ]	zamay [ˈzamaj]	[ˈzamaj]	[ˈzaməj]	zame [ˈzame]
grey	âvara-hi [ɑvaˈrahi]	ábreý [ˈɑːbrej]	aabraś [ˈɑːbɾɑɕ]	ávaray [ɑˈvaɾaj]	[ɑˈvaɾaj]	[ɒˈwaɾəj]	abale [aˈbale]
pink/orange	si-hoxeva-hi [sihɔχɛˈvahi]	tewśibeý [t̪ewˈʃibej]	twəhebaś [t̪wəhæˈbɑɕ]	śohvay [ˈɕoʁvaj]	[ˈʃugvaj]	[ˈʃoʔvəj]	śohbe [ˈʃoɣbe]

Basic animal names

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian			Saridzani
	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Standard	Kaswihiliy	Bevaradiy	Saridzani
cat	simâla [siˈmɑla]	tymál [t̪ɨˈmɑːɫ]	timaal [t̪iˈmɑːl]	śimále [ɕeˈmɑlə] *mince* [ˈmʲint͡ɕɤ]	[ʃeˈmɑɫə]	[ʃeˈmɒlə]	*minśe* [ˈminʃe]
dog	zâqa [ˈzɑqa]	dák [d̪ɑːk]	daag [d̪ɑːg]	záqe [ˈzɑqə]	[ˈzɑkə]	[ˈzɒkə]	zaka [ˈzaka]
horse	rige [ˈrigɛ]	rex [reʁ]	riz [ɾiz]	ridz [ɾed͡z]	[ɾed͡z]	[ɾed͡z]	liź [liʒ]
cow	poxa [ˈpɔχa]	pohə [ˈpoxə]	puhe [puˈhæ]	bohe [ˈboχə]	[ˈboxə]	[ˈboxə]	wuha [ˈwuxa]
goat	bure [ˈburɛ]	pur [pur]	pur [pur]	bwor [bwoɾ]	[bwoʁ]	[bwoɾ]	bul [bul]
sheep	kapa [ˈkapa]	háp [xɑːp]	kaap [kɑːp]	kabe [ˈk͡xabə]	[ˈk͡xabə]	[ˈkabə]	hapa [ˈxapa]
wolf	tâlu [ˈtɑlu]	salo [ˈsæɫo]	ṭalu [ʈɑˈlu]	tál [tɑl]	[tɑl]	[tɒl]	tal [tal]
mouse	gana [ˈgana]	xán [ʀɑːn]	kaan [kɑːn]	gane [ˈg͡ɣanə]	[ˈg͡ɣanə]	[ˈganə]	guna [ˈguna]
duck	duga [ˈduga]	zoxə [ˈzoʀə]	ḍuke [ɖuˈkæ]	doge [ˈdogə]	[ˈdogə]	[ˈdogə]	duga [ˈduga]

Everyday verbs

	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Keranian			Saridzani
	Old Desani	Kasewayan	Rashintu	Standard	Kaswihiliy	Bevaradiy	Saridzani
to be	i-ne [inɛ]	ýən [jən]	yen [jæn]	in [en]	[en]	[en]	in [in]
to have	ahi-ne [aˈhinɛ]	aýən [ˈæjən]	aśen [ɑˈɕæn]	ayin [ˈajen]	[ˈajen]	[ˈajən]	en [en]
to go	rehi-ne [rɛˈhinɛ] qami-ne [qaˈminɛ]	kamin [ˈkæmin]	gamin [gɑˈmin]	rin [ɾen]	[ɾen]	[ɾʲen]	līn [liːn]
to stand	deli-ne [dɛˈlinɛ] agi-ne [aˈginɛ]	zylin [ˈzɨlin]	ajhin [ɑˈd͡ʑin]	dlin [dlen]	[dlen]	[dlen]	aźin [ˈaʒin]
to eat	koti-ne [kɔtinɛ]	kosen [ˈkosen]	kuṭin [kuˈʈin]	kotin [ˈk͡xoten]	[ˈk͡xoten]	[ˈxoten]	hotin [ˈxotin]
to sleep	xâhi-ne [χɑˈhinɛ]	haýən [ˈxæjən]	haśen [hɑˈɕæn]	háyin [ˈχɑjen]	[ˈxɑjen]	[ˈχɒjən]	haýen [ˈxajen]
to see	tari-ne [taˈrinɛ]	cemin [ˈcemin]	ṭarin [ʈɑˈɾin]	vlayin [ˈvlajen]	[ˈvlajen]	[ˈvlajən]	*śmin* [ʃmin]
to look	velahi-ne [vɛlaˈhinɛ]	bylin [ˈbɨːlin]	bəlaśen [bəlɑˈɕæn]	cmin [t͡ɕmʲin]	[t͡ʃmʲin]	[t͡ʃmʲin]	blen [blen]
to speak	imihi-ne [imiˈhinɛ]	tepaýən [t̪eˈpæjən]	tipaśen [t̪ipɑˈɕæn]	imiyin [eˈmejen]	[eˈmijen]	[eˈmejən]	imīn [ˈimiːn]
to say	sibahi-ne [sibaˈhinɛ]	imin [ˈiːmin]	iimśen [ˈiːmɕæn]	śibayin [ɕeˈbajen]	[ʃiˈbajen]	[ʃeˈbajən]	śiben [ˈʃiben]

Italicized words are borrowed from Nesyanian.

[edit] [top]Sample texts

The sentences used here were taken mostly from ToTDs (as well as texts added by other users).

Simple declarative clauses

#1: I speak [language].

Old Desani
De-sane-hi imihi ika.
[dɛsaˈnɛhi imiˈhi ˈika]
de-sane-hi
Desani imihi
speak ika
SUBSubject (argument).1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

Kasewayan
Casyýu te tepaýəc.
[cæˈsɨju t̪e t̪eˈpæjəc]
casyýu
Kasewayan te
of tepaý-əc
speak-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

Rashintu
Raśiinṭuuy tipaśka.
[ɾɑɕiːɳˈʈuːj t̪iˈpɑɕkɑ]
raśiinṭu-uy
Rashintu-ADVZAdverbialiser (syntax)
turns word into adverb tipaś-ka
speak-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

Keranian (Standard)
Keran’áni imiyek.
[k͡xəɾaɲɑˈɲi eˈmejɤk]
keran’-oni
Keranian-ADVZAdverbialiser (syntax)
turns word into adverb imii-ke
speak-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

Saridzani
Salījańuń imīka.
[saliːd͡zaˈɲuɲ iˈmiːka]
salījań-uń
Saridzani-ADVZAdverbialiser (syntax)
turns word into adverb imī-ka
speak-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

#2: They live in a big house.

Old Desani
Ane ta qoxa-hi reze bi giri ile.
[ˈanɛ ta qɔˈχahi ˈrɛzɛ bi ɡiˈri ˈilɛ]
ane
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human ta
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few qoxa-hi
big reze
house bi
in giri
live ile
SUBSubject (argument).3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human

Kasewayan
Antə ireý ryd pi jeryl.
[ˈænt̪ə ˈiɾej ɾɨːd̪ pi ˈɟeɾɨɫ]
antə
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human ireý
big ryd
house pi
in jer-yl
live-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human

Rashintu
Anṭe ṭagzəy paam mye ziirəl.
[ɑɳˈʈæ ˈʈɑgzəj pɑːm mʲæ ˈziːɾəl]
anṭe
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human ṭagzəy
big paam
house mye
in ziir-əl
live-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human

Keranian (Standard)
Lite qohay reź bi zretayel.
[ˈletə ˈqoχɐj ɾəʑ be zɾəˈtajɤl]
lite
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them qohay
big reź
house bi
in zretay-el
reside-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them

Saridzani
Anta zante lez be iŋel.
[ˈanta ˈzante̞ le̞z be̞ ˈiŋe̞l]
anta
3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them zante
big lez
house be
in iŋ-el
reside-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them

#3: The man sees the dog.

Old Desani
Râla zâqa zi tari ime.
[ˈrɑla ˈzɑqa zi taˈri ˈimɛ]
râla
man zâqa
dog zi
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving tari
see ime
SUBSubject (argument).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving

Kasewayan
Rál dákəz ceməm.
[rɑːɫ ˈd̪ɑːkəz ˈceməm]
rál
man dák-əz
dog-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) cem-əm
see-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human

Rashintu
Raal daagəd ṭarima.
[ɾɑːl ˈd̪ɑːgəd̪ ʈɑˈɾimɑ]
raal
/man daag-əd
dog-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) ṭar-ima
see-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human

Keranian (Standard)
Rále záqaz vlayem.
[ˈɾɑlə ˈzɑqɐz ˈvlajɤm]
rále
man záqa-z
dog-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient vlay-em
see-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

Saridzani
Hum zakaź śmim.
[xum ˈzakaʃ ʃmim]
hum
man zaka-ź
dog-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient śm-im
see-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

Questions

#1: How many hats does that woman have?

Old Desani
Yaxâne pe-sane ze da tesa teyahi ime?
[jaχɑˈnɛ pɛˈsanɛ zɛ da ˈtɛsa tɛjaˈhi ˈimɛ]
yaxâne
how many pe-sane
head covering ze
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.INANInanimate (gender/class)
inanimate, sessile da
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker tesa
woman teyahi
own ime
SUBSubject (argument).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving

Kasewayan
Za sytə ýásni petanəs aýem?
[zæ ˈsɨt̪ə ˈjɑːsɲi ˈpet̪ænəs ˈæjem]
za
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker sytə
woman ýásni
how many petan-əs
hat-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) aý-em
have-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human

Rashintu
Ḍe caa yaanṭe petanha aśema?
[ɖæ t͡sɑː ˈjɑːɳʈæ pæˈt̪ɑnhɑ ɑɕæˈmɑ]
ḍe
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker caa
woman yaanṭe
how many petan-ha
hat-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) aś-ema
have-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human

Keranian (Standard)
Da teś yaho bzanet tiyem?
[da təɕ ˈjaχo ˈbzanət ˈtejɤm]
da
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker teś
woman yaho
how many bzan-et
hat-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few tiy-em
own-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

Saridzani
Da ca ýatań bezan ym?
[da t͡sa ˈjataɲ ˈbe̞zan ɨm]
da
DEMDemonstrative
e.g. this/ that ca
woman ýatań
how many bezan
hat ym
have.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

#2: Where do the birds live?

Old Desani
Laqeye te ya-qâre giri ile?
[laˈqɛjɛ tɛ ˈjaqɑrɛ giˈri ˈilɛ]
laqeye
bird te
PLPlural (number)
more than one/few ya-qâre
where giri
live ile
SUBSubject (argument).3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving

Kasewayan
Laxyýəs kárze bil jery?
[ˈɫæʀɨjəs ˈkɑːɾze biɫ ˈɟeɾɨ]
laxyý-əs
bird-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) kárze
where b-il
AUXAuxilliary-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) jery
live

Rashintu
Yaagər ziiriil lagiiha?
[ˈjɑːgəɾ ziːˈɾiːl lɑˈgiːhɑ]
yaagər
where ziir-iil
live-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) lagii-ha
bird-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.NHUMNon-human (gender/class)

Keranian (Standard)
Nohmat yaqár jiril?
[ˈnoχmat ˈjaqɑɾ ˈd͡ʑeɾel]
nohm-at
bird-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few yaqár
where jir-il
live-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them

Saridzani
Lakyt ýakal źilel?
[ˈlakɨt ˈjakal ˈʒile̞l]
laky-t
bird-PLPlural (number)
more than one/few ýakal
where źil-el
live-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them

Relative clauses

#1: He is the one who found the sun.

Old Desani
Mani da ime ihi ga vozale zi pâha sâle-qaki ime-na.
[ˈmani da ˈimɛ ˈihi ga vɔˈzalɛ zi ˈpɑha sɑlɛqaˈki ˈimɛna]
mani
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human da
PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker ime
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving ihi
who ga
RELZRelativiser (derivation) vozale
sun zi
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving pâha
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action sâle-qaki
find ime-na
SUBSubject (argument).3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.ANAnimate (gender/class)
alive, moving-PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech

Kasewayan
An eýi xy bodaləd bá tálcemən.
[æn ˈeji ʀɨ ˈbod̪æɫəd̪ bɑː ˈt̪ɑːɫcemən]
an
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human eýi
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate xy
who.RELZRelativiser (derivation) bodal-əd
sun-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) bá
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action tálc-emən
find-PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human

Rashintu
An ima kee budaləd baatalgacemən.
[ɑn ˈimɑ kæː buˈd̪ɑləd̪ ˈbɑːt̪ɑlgɑt͡sæmən]
an
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human i-ma
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human kee
who.RELZRelativiser (derivation) budal-əd
sun-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) baa-talgac-emən
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-find-PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human

Keranian (Standard)
Mani yiga im vzalez sálqacimbán.
[ˈmaɲi ˈjega em ˈvzaləs sɑlqɐˈt͡ɕembɑn]
mani
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee yi-ga
who-RELZRelativiser (derivation) im
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee vzal-ez
sun-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient sálqac-imbán
find-PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

Saridzani
Mań ge ýem bzalez salkaśimban.
[maɲ ge̞ je̞m ˈbzale̞s salkaˈʃimban]
mań
3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee ge
who.RELZRelativiser (derivation) ýem
COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee bzal-ez
sun-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient salkaś-imban
find-PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee

Conditionality

#1: If I see you, I will give you a gift.

Old Desani
Edi zi pâha tari ne ika, edi râ aze-ha ze zuhi azi ika.
[ɛˈdi zi ˈpɑha taˈri nɛ ˈika ɛˈdi rɑ ˈazɛha zɛ ˈzuhi aˈzi ˈika]
edi
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) zi
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human pâha
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action tari
see ne
FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech ika
SUBSubject (argument).1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I edi
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) râ
for aze-ha
give-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun ze
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) zuhi
AUXAuxilliary.CONDConditional (mood)
would azi
give ika
SUBSubject (argument).1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

Kasewayan
Ita zide bá cemince, zerə cehadad zoý adec.
[ˈit̪æ ˈzid̪e bɑː ceˈmince ˈzeɾə ceˈxæd̪æd̪ zoj bɑː ˈæd̪ec]
ita
if zi-de
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient bá
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action cem-ince
see-FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I zerə
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location cehada-d
gift-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) zoý
CONDConditional (mood)
would ad-ec
give-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

Rashintu
Ita eḍii baaṭarinkə, edyar kamjed zuy śebike.
[iˈt̪ɑ æˈɖiː ˈbɑːʈɑɾiŋkə æˈd̪ʲɑɾ kɑmˈd͡zæd̪ zuj ɕæˈbikæ]
ita
if eḍii
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient baa-ṭar-inkə
PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-see-FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I edyar
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location kamje-d
gift-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.NHUMNon-human (gender/class) zuy
CONDConditional (mood)
would śeb-ike
give-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

Keranian (Standard)
Isa ji vlaybák, d’ar azaz zwi aźik.
[ˈesa d͡ʑe ˈvlajbɑk dʲaɾ ˈazas zwe ˈaʑek]
isa
if ji
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient vlay-bák
see-FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I d’ar
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location aza-z
gift-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient zwi
CONDConditional (mood)
would aź-ik
give-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

Saridzani
Isa je śmibak, cal cehazaź zwekammika.
[ˈisa d͡ze̞ ˈʃmibak t͡sal t͡se̞ˈxazaʃ zwe̞kaˈmːika]
isa
if je
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient śmi-bak
see-FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I cal
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).DATDative (case)
indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location cehaza-ź
gift-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient zwe-kamm-ika
CONDConditional (mood)
would-give-PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I

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Comments

[link] [quote] [move] [edit] [del] 19-Jul-22 10:28 [Deactivated User]

@[Deactivated User]
Aww, thanks for the appreciation, makes me want to add even more details (especially to the phonology chapter, it's still WIP) :D and ofc thanks for letting me know. The wrong IPA transcription must have been some copy-paste error, now it's fixed.

Out of curiosity I wanted to check the typology stats about the noun-adjective order in different conlangs in general, but it has resulted in a timeout. Whoops. Anyway, when it comes to my own conlangs, the proportion is almost 1:1, I think. I have a few strongly head-initial ones as well, ~~they just haven't gotten their detailed grammar articles yet, lol~~

[link] [quote] [move] [edit] [del] 19-Jul-22 03:20 [Deactivated User]

pretty detailed!

Also, speaking of head directionality, Almost all of conlangs have adjectives precede the noun they modify(A major exception is

Egeriac) lol maybe it's time to change

Btw, there might be a mismatch in one part:

you said in the chart that the verb "to say" in Old Desani is sibahi-ne, but the IPA you give is [imiˈhinɛ], there might be a mismatch for this, please check.