Naal: Voice
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 3 Jul 2021, 03:59.
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1. Naal: Nouns
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2. Naal: Verbs
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3. Naal: Voice
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Naal is described as having 4 voices: active, passive, anti-passive, and middle.
The active voice is used for statements where an agent does an action, sometimes to a direct recipient.
In these statements, the absolutive and ergative cases are used.
Kuu e'ner
come man-ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The man comes
K̂waal e'nerak huk
make man-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent food-ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument
The man makes food
In the active voice, for causative constructions, the supine is put into the absolutive case while the recipient of the supine receives the accusative case.
K̂waal e'nerak ćanbiir mudeqi
do man-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent girl-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient NMLZUnknown code-work.PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
The man makes the girl work
The Passive is a valency reducing voice that shifts the argument from the agent to the patient. In the passive voice, the patient is marked with an ergative voice, no matter the transitivity of the verb. The agent is marked with the accusative case.
K̂waal hukak
do food-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent
The food is being made
K̂waal hukak e'nerar
do food-ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent man-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
The food is being made by the man
The Antipassive is a voice used to mark relative clauses when connected within another clause, as well as to mark , or to mark a middle voice construction in which the patient of an action has some degree of control over their condition (the so-called mediopassive).
Mediopassive scenarios include:
- The subject causes a change of physical position to themself
- The (plural) subjects move (i.e. gathering or dispersing)
- The (plural) subjects act so that A does to B what B does to A
- The subject acts upon themself, usually in a habitual/customary action
- The subject performs a transitive action but also functions as beneficiary of the action
The Antipassive is formed by marking the argument with the accusative case.
Kuu e'ner ye k̂waal hukar
come man-ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument and make food-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
The man comes and makes food
Lwoĝasan hińar
spill.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing-SMLFCTUnknown code-JUSJussive (mood)
command or exhort blood-ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient
May blood spill; May blood be spilled (by its own desire). (i.e. implying the desire of parties to go to war)
The Middle Voice is used for situations in which the agent and patient are more or less one in the same. This includes scenarios where:
- The subject undergoes a change of state
- The subject experiences a mental affectedness or physical reaction
- The subject perceives by means of the senses and so is both agent and patient
- The subject acts within and upon their own mind
A number of verbs only exist in the middle voice (so-called Deponent Verbs)
Middle Voice constructions are formed by reduplicating the first vowel of the root before the root in its short form
kuu > ukuu
All middle voice verbs are intransitive, and thus only take the subject in the absolutive case
Asazabap huk sababu
MIDMiddle voice (valency)
subject is both agent and patient.cook food.ABSAbsolutive (case)
TRANS object, INTR argument fire-LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc-ESSEssive (case)
'as, similar'
The food cooks in the oven
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