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Initial Mutations in Laendish
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 8 Sep 2019, 21:05.
[comments] laeinitial mutations
2. Scevès Lahgenoyeu
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Laendish features two series of initial mutations across word classes. Each is triggered by a variety of environments. Only a set of initial phonemes in Laendish actually mutate. There are many that are unaffected and simply do not change regardless of environment.A quick overview of the mutations is:
| Mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Initial Consonant | Nasal Mutation | Lenition Mutation |
| /p/ <p> | /b/ <bp> | /b/ <bp> |
| /t/ <t> | /d/ <dt> | /d/ <dt> |
| /k/ <c> | /g/ <gc> | /g/ <gc> |
| /b/ <b> | /m/ <mb> | /v/ <hb> |
| /d/ <d> | /n/ <nd> | /ð/ <hd> |
| /g/ <g> | /ŋ/ <ng> | /ɣ/ <hg> |
| /j/ <y> | /nj/ <ny> | /j/ <y> |
| /m/ <m> | /m:/ <mm> | /m/ <m> |
| /n/ <n> | /n:/ <nn> | /n/ <n> |
| /f/ <f> | /v/ <hbf> | /v/ <hbf> |
| /v/ <v> | /m/ <mv> | /v/ <v> |
| /ʃ/ <ch> | /j/ <ych> | /j/ <ych> |
| /ʒ/ <hy> | /mj/ <hmy> | /vj/ <hby> |
| any vowel | affix /n/ <n-> | no change |
The nasal mutation originates from the preceding word ending with a nasal consonant. Some words that trigger the nasal mutation still retain this nasal, others have lost it. The nasal mutation is triggered by the following environments:
- after the definite articles ê, e
- after a verb in the present third person
- after the genitive particles o, u
- after the dative particles e, i
- after the partitive particles no, nu
- after the numbers ce "three", and im "ten"
- verbs in the negative
- after the past tense marker mi
Some examples:
- cam, ê gcam (man, the man)
- tud, scola dtud (people, people see)
- ya, mi nya òm (I, I ate)
- bela, u mbela (hazelnut, of hazelnuts)
- art, e n-art ([a] store, to a store)
- gu, ce ngu (days, three days)
- cate, a-gcate (to drink, to not drink)
- tahbobe, se mi dtahbobe (to return, that returned)
The lenition mutation comes from medial voicing/fricativization caused by a particle or atonic word preceding the main word, acting like a new initial syllable. The lenition mutation is triggered by the following environments:
- after the numbers "one" no, "two" chi, "four" le, "six" eme
- after a verb in the present second person plural form of verbs
- after the future tense marker che
- after the following prepositions:
- "in", ga
- "for", ca
- "at", do
- "from", hde
- "because of", scado
- "on", yo
- "with (instrumental)", so
- after the pronouns "I", ya, "you (singular), du, and "s/he/it", le, ne
- verbs after the subjunctive particle can
Some examples:
- be, no hbe (woman, one woman)
- duhb, che hduhb edar (you [pl], you [pl] will capture)
- chebi, ca ychebi (shoes, for shoes)
- gahdeu, do hgahdeu (castle, at a castle)
- coras, so gcoras (body, with a body)
- bahdad, òm ya hbahdad (bread, I eat bread)
- padac, scou le bpadac (stones, s/he sees stones)
- fese, can hbfes le (to cook, that s/he cooks)
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