Lithian Verb Conjugation: view article

Lithian is a language with an agglutinating verb conjugation, and it is kind-of complex in a way. The subtitle of this article can be conveyed in Lithian with a single verb: do-lasteger-ir-no-nei. When counted, there are 72 possible TAM conjugations, with four different levels of conjugation: Polarity, Voice, Aspect, and Tense (which sometimes merges with a mood/aspect). Even with that 72 conjugations, most of these conjugations are considered a rare occurrence.

The following table shows how Lithian verbs can be conjugated:

Polarity	ø- AFFAffirmative (polarity) positive, opposite of NEG "do, does"			do-Becomes a seperate word if verb starts with a vowel, like in do ave "don't exist" NEGNegative (polarity) not "don't, doesn't, not"
Base Verb	*verb*
Voice	-ø ACTActive voice (valency, volition) the subject acts, voluntarily			-rior -ir if verb ends with [r] PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed "be verb-ed"
Aspect	-ø		-no PERFPerfect (aspect/tense) have verb-ed "have verb-ed"		-nou IPRFImperfect (aspect/tense) was verb-ing "was verb-ing"
Tense	-øPRESPresent tense (tense) current or INFInfinitive (TAM) non-tensed verb	-nu PRESPresent tense (tense) current.CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action "verb-ing"	-ne PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	-neu PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action	-nia FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech "will"	-nei FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech.CONDConditional (mood) would "would"

[top]Examples

So now, that you have read the table, what about some English examples, using miput "to eat" as the base verb.

Type	Conjugation	Example
Present Tense verb	miput	mei miput ratle. I eat bread.
Present Continuative/Progressive Tense verb-PRESPresent tense (tense) current.CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action	miput-nu	mei miputnu ratle. I am eating bread.
Past Tense verb-PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	miput-ne	mei miputne ratle. I ate bread.
Past Continuative/Progressive Tense verb-PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech.CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action	miput-neu	mei miputneu ratle. I was eating bread.
Future Tense verb-FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	miput-nia	mei miputnia ratle. I will eat bread.
Conditional Future Tense (indefinite reason) verb-FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech.CONDConditional (mood) would	miput-nei	mei miputnei ratle. I would eat bread.
Conditional Future Tense (definite reason) verb-FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech.CONDConditional (mood) would	miput-nei	mei miputnei ratle nim nau miput ratle. I would eat bread if you eat bread.
Present Perfect Tense verb-PERFPerfect (aspect/tense) have verb-ed	miput-no	mei miputno ratle. I have eat a bread.
Past Perfect Tense verb-PERFPerfect (aspect/tense) have verb-ed-PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	miput-no-ne	mei miputnone ratle. I (just) have ate a bread. (eaten in the past)
Future Perfect Tense verb-PERFPerfect (aspect/tense) have verb-ed-FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	miput-no-nia	mei miputnonia ratle. I will have eat a bread. (will be eaten in the future)
Passive Present Tense verb-PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed	miput-ri	ratle miputri mei. A bread is eaten by me.
Passive Past Tense verb-PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed-PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	miput-ri-ne	ratle miputrine mei. A bread was eaten by me.
Passive Future Tense verb-PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed-FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	miput-ri-nia	ratle miputrinia mei. A bread will be eaten by me.
Negative Present Tense NEGNegative (polarity) not-verb	do-miput	mei domiput ratle. I don't eat bread.
Negative Past Tense NEGNegative (polarity) not-verb-PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	do-miput-ne	mei domiputne ratle. I didn't eat bread.
Negative Future Tense NEGNegative (polarity) not-verb-FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	do-miput-nia	mei domiputne ratle. I will not eat bread.
Present Imperfect/Habitual Tense verb-IPRFImperfect (aspect/tense) was verb-ing	miput-nou	mei miputnou ratle. I used to eat bread. I was eating a bread.
Past Imperfect/Habitual Tense verb-IPRFImperfect (aspect/tense) was verb-ing-PASTPast tense (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	miput-nou-ne	mei miputnoune ratle. I was used to eat bread. I was eating a bread. (in the past)
Future Imperfect/Habitual Tense verb-IPRFImperfect (aspect/tense) was verb-ing-FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	miput-nou-nia	mei miputnounia ratle. I will be used to eat bread.

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