WAIT WAIT IT CHANGED
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no more rwoko. for future use now
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 28 Jul 2019, 04:07.
[comments] caserkfvowels
[top]Open and Closed Vowels
Hold on a second! First of all, we need to distinguish what is an "open" vowel and what is a "closed" vowel. What differs one from another is its sound: if it seems "thick" is closed and if it seems "thin" is open. Do you still don't get it? No problem, IPA will solve it.
Closed Vowel | Open Vowel |
---|---|
a /ɶ/ | ä /a/ |
e /e/ | ë /ɛ/ |
i /i/ | ï // |
o /o/ | ö /ɒ/ |
Vowels Classes: Closed and Open Vowels only represents a few cases. To construct another cases is necessary to have some variation between them. Let's see what kind of vowels classes do exist and what they do represent:
Cases (most complex > simplest) | Vowels Classes | Vowels Types | Vowels Qualities |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | a, e, o, i ã, ẽ, õ, ĩ â, ê, ô, î | Closed | None (PR) Prelabialised (PS) Iotation (FT) |
Ergative | ã, ẽ, õ, ĩ ä, ë, ö, ï â, ê, ô, î | Closed (PR, FT) Open (PS) | Prelabialised (PR) None (PS) Iotation (FT) |
Comparative | ā, ē, ō, ī | Open | Double + glottal stop |
Instrumental-Comitative/Lative | á, é, ó, í | Open | Iotation |
Plural/Genitive | ä, ë, ö, ï | Open | None |
Negative/Abessive | à, è, ò, ì | Open | Prelabialised |
Vocative | -ù /u/ | None | None |
Accusative/No case word | a, e, o, i |
[top]"Accusative", "Nominative" and "Ergative" Cases (Not exactly identified now. Temporary names, by the way)
Interpretation level | Accusative | Nominative | Ergative |
---|---|---|---|
Easy | |||
Normal | |||
Not that easy |
The "Accusative" Case is the easiest one: nothing changes.
The second "easiest" is the "Nominative" Case: only the present tense remains unchanged.
And the last one is the "Ergative" Case, being the only case that is obligatory to change a vowel to modify its role, no matter what tense is. Know what is "Ergative" here! (Warning: WIP)
Note:These are the only cases which have an irregular grapheme: i. They are: ĩ (phoneme /u/) and î (phoneme /ju/). Both presents in Nominative and Ergative.
Syllabic Marker Position
Nominative & Ergative Case | ||
---|---|---|
Syllable Position | Usually are at | Usually aren't at |
First | ||
Last | ||
Any | ||
Why? | NOM: always the last word; ERG: always the first word. |
What gets changed?
Here is an example of the entire process (on a table):
Vowel Mutation Table | |||
---|---|---|---|
Case/Tense | Past | Present | Future |
Accusative | - | - | - |
Nominative | Prelabialised(w) | - | Iotationised(j) |
Ergative | Opened Form | Prelabialised(w) | Iotationised(j) |
Case Application Sample
Word Sample | Kek (Bird) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Tense | Past | Present | Future | What it marks? |
Accusative | Kek to/for/on/by/the/a bird | Patient (unmarked) | ||
Nominative | Kẽk (bird was/did) | Kek (bird is/do) | Kêk (bird will be/do) | Agent (partially-marked) |
Ergative | Këk (that bird was/did) | Kẽk (that bird is/do) | Kêk (that bird will be/do) | "Second Agent" (marked) |
In Nominative and Ergative it can be "a" or "the" bird. |
A sentence sample with the 3 cases together | |
---|---|
Rwokoloofebian sample | Këk woog kat neez bõx. |
Parts of Speech | Bird-PS-ERG to make nest-ACC to see 1SG-PS-NOM |
Translation | I saw the/a nest that the/a bird made (that is not really necessary) |
[top]Comparative Case
Interpretation level | Comparative |
---|---|
Easy | |
Normal | |
Not that easy |
The only case that uses particles to give meaning.
They are 3: Jet, nin and nor (Jeninor Class).
It's not really difficult, it's just the particles that confuse a bit.
Note: The vowel class used is: ā, ē, ō, ī (open) and to pronounce them well, is necessary to stop breath a little bit (swallow air) and so speak the same vowel quickly.
Syllabic Marker Position
Comparative Case | ||
---|---|---|
Syllable Position | Usually is at | Usually isn't at |
First | ||
Last | ||
Any | ||
Why? | Can be in any position, but is easier to speak at first |
Case Application Sample
Particle | Particle Meaning | Kēkubil (fruit) | Declencion Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
Jet | More ____ than... | Kēkubil-jet | More fruity/fruitful than... |
Nin | Less ____ than... | Kēkubil-nin | Less fruity/fruitful than... |
Nor | ____-like/shaped | Kēkubil-nor | Similar to fruit/Fruit-like |
No Particle | Like to/as/a/the ___ | Kēkubil | Like froo-oo-oot |
[top]Instrumental-Comitative/Lative Case
Interpretation level | Instrumental-Comitative | Lative |
---|---|---|
Easy | ||
Normal | ||
Not that easy |
Starting with the easiest, the Instrumental-Comitative case only shows a bond/company between two entities or something used as a tool. It's really simple, but the declined word must be next to the subject.
Instrumental-Comitative Sample:
- Morã néwor? (Who were you with?)
- Kék böbõx (I was with my bird)
In the other hand, the Lative case is very dependent on the subject (Nominative) and thus its meaning changes when the tense changes. Although the meanings being simple for Past and Future, for Present is quite uncommon: it's not a gerund but it's a connection between Past and Future. The true gerund/progressive is represented by a partial reduplication of the verb.
The exact meaning is somewhat between "been hurry when switching places: that one you left and that one you will arrive".
Syllabic Marker Position
Instrumental-Comitative Case | ||
---|---|---|
Syllable Position | Usually is at | Usually isn't at |
First | ||
Last | ||
Any | ||
Why? | To avoid misunderstandings |
Lative Case | ||
---|---|---|
Syllable Position | Usually is at | Usually isn't at |
First | ||
Last | ||
Any | ||
Why? | To avoid misunderstandings |
Case Application Sample
Word Sample | Nekat (Home) and Box (1SG, ACC) | |
---|---|---|
Tense | Lative Case | Translation |
NOM. Past | Nekát Bõx | I went home |
NOM. Present | Nekát Box | I was home and now I'm going to another spot |
NOM. Future | Nekát Bôx | I will go home |
[top]Plural/Genitive Case
Interpretation level | Plural | Genitive |
---|---|---|
Easy | ||
Normal | ||
Not that easy |
I think everybody knows what means plural and genitive, but the real issue here is the third meaning that may be hidden in this form: Past Ergative. Usually Past Ergative appears only in long sentences, so this makes easier to identify which is what. And the other route is obviously to analyse the context itself.
Syllabic Marker Position
Plural | ||
---|---|---|
Syllable Position | Usually is at | Usually isn't at |
First | ||
Last | ||
Any | ||
Why? | To avoid misunderstandings |
Genitive Case | ||
---|---|---|
Syllable Position | Usually is at | Usually isn't at |
First | ||
Last | ||
Any | ||
Why? | To avoid misunderstandings |
Case Application Sample
Case | Ral (sun) |
---|---|
Plural | Räl (suns/common stars) |
Genitive | Räl (sun's) |
Past Ergative | Räl (that the sun did/was) |
[top]Negative/Abessive & Vocative
Interpretation level | Negative/Abessive | Vocative |
---|---|---|
Easy | ||
Normal | ||
Not that easy |
Finally, the last cases!
Ok, Negative/Abessive is about a negative version of something or is a lack/absence of something as well. With pretty similar meanings, it's not hard to understand what the word wants to express.
And the last but indeed the least, the vocative case only denotes a calling/summoning. Also, it has the only true functional affix in RKF.
Syllabic Marker Position
Negative/Abessive | ||
---|---|---|
Syllable Position | Usually is at | Usually isn't at |
First | ||
Last | ||
Any | ||
Why? | There's no other similar case marker |
Vocative | ||
---|---|---|
Syllable Position | Usually is at | Usually isn't at |
First | ||
Last | ||
Any | ||
Why? | The only actual suffix |
Case Application Sample
Case | Wor (Human) |
---|---|
Negative/Abessive | Wòr (non-human/without humanity) |
Vocative | Worù! (Oh humanity!/My people!) |
[top]Multiple Case Occurrences
Another use to the Vocative suffix is for to indicate when a word is in more than one case of the same type, e.g. plural, genitive and Past Ergative in one single word. However, this method it's not much effective when it's a monosyllabic word and thus cannot be possible to identificate it only using this suffix, so there are some particles that can help with it: the same particles used in the Comparative case :)
Those are: jet and nor, but not nin.
Jet and Nor are used to represent up to more than 2 different cases of different types and they should be used after the -ù suffix and they act as a fake word to put them in a desired case marker. It's possible to use both particles at the same time.
Also, long words may not need to use the particles because they already may have enough space inside them to place the case markers. But use them is entirely optional.
Cases Used | Sample | Translation |
---|---|---|
No case | Set | Hair |
1 case | Sèt | Hairless/bald |
2 cases (same type) | Sëtù | of the hairs |
2 cases or more | Sētù-jet-nòr | More hairless than... |
Long word | Këkubìlù | of the non-fruits |
[top]THE END
Vowels have a syntactic role in Rwokoloofebian, not a semantic one. That means if happens one single change on its pronunciation, then its function changes. It's really simple, let's check out:
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