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From Niryokulta to Ngumyokulta
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Sound changes of Ngumyokulta
This private article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 14 Jul 2021, 10:50.

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Menu 1. Introduction 2. Consonants 3. Vowels I hope this is not a complete gibberish. Excuse my English, I know it sucks. c:

[edit] [top]Introduction

Aside of differences between vocabulary of  Unknown [NMJK] and standard  Niryokulta, sound changes play an important role in a consideration that Ngumyokulta is a separate language, not a dialect, according to some Yokulta linguists, mainly to those who come from Northern Islands Region (Šoalutagámdŋuolašat in  Niryokulta, Šeulõŧagemdŋulašəŧ or Ŋümagemdŋulašəŧ in  Unknown [NMJK]).

Generally spoken, Ngumyokulta has developed from older stage of Niryokulta, perhaps in 17th or 18th century, it is believed, as in those times Yokultans finally sailed north and settled the northernmost islands. Due to isolation, they could develop their own dialect and eventually a separated language.

This short article discribes sound changes that led to development of Ngumyokulta language.

[edit] [top]Consonants

Niryokulta phonemes and allophones on the left, Ngumyokulta phonemes on the right, Ngumyokulta graphemes in ⟨ ⟩ (if different from the IPA letter).

j > d͡ʒ ⟨ǯ⟩ / _{ɪ, i, i:}
pʰ > f
tʰ > θ ⟨ŧ⟩
kʰ > x ⟨ǩ⟩
t͡s > d͡z ⟨ʒ⟩ / V_V (and word-initially)
ȵ > ɲ ⟨ņ⟩
ȶ > c ⟨ķ⟩
ȶʰ > ç ⟨ž⟩
t͡ɕ > ç ⟨ž⟩ / _{ɪ, i, i:}
k > c ⟨ķ⟩ / _{ɪ, i, i:}
h > Ø
ʔ > ʔ ⟨ɂ⟩
ʰC > ʔC
ɬ > ll
{n t}ɪe̯ > {ɲ, c}e
ŋ͡m > mm
h > x ⟨ǩ⟩ / _#
j > Ø / V_V
j > ʲ ⟨’⟩ / V_
j > ʲ ⟨’⟩ / _V
ʰ > Ø

[edit] [top]Vowels

Niryokulta phonemes and allophones on the left, Ngumyokulta phonemes on the right, Ngumyokulta graphemes in ⟨ ⟩ (if different from the IPA letter).

ʊ > ɤ ⟨õ⟩
ɪ > ɨ ⟨ï⟩ / _{ɫ, ʔ, h, q}
a > ɑ ⟨ä⟩ / _{ɫ, ʔ, h, q}
o > ɤ ⟨õ⟩ / _{ɫ, ʔ, h, q} (in unstressed syllables; uncommon)
ɪe̯ > e
æ: > e
æ:a̯ > e
V: > V
oa̯ > eu̯
uo̯ > u
au̯ > ua̯
uɪ̯ > u
a > ə (in unstressed syllables or if /a/ is the last vowel in the word; can vary a lot)
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