Basic Grammar for Town Speech-Plattdytch
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10. O Tannenbaum
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15. schwa insertion rule
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4. Ensarkonism
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This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Town Speech and 
Plattdytch share many aspects of the grammar and basic vocabulary. Below is a skech of grammar common to both languages.Word Order
- Basic Word Order: SVOX(Subject-Verb-Object-Adpositiional Phrases)
- Adpositions are prepositions
- Adjectives, Demonstratives, Numerals precede the noun they modify; Relative Clauses follow the noun they modify; possessors mayprecede or follow the noun they modify
- negation precedes the verb it negates
Conjunctions
All conjunctions are placed in the initial position of a sentence.
Possession
Definiteness
The definite article /də/ is used for definiteness, it is used for all nouns, including all countable nouns and some uncontable nouns. There's no varieties between noun classes.
The definite article is used in following circumstances, which is similar to that of English(click here for references):
- To refer to something which has already been mentioned.
- When the speaker assumes that there is just one of something in that place, even if it has not been mentioned before.
- In sentences or clauses where you define or identify a particular person or object.
- To refer to people or objects that are unique.
- Before superlatives and ordinal numbers.
- With adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people.
- With clauses introduced by /mɑ:ɹ/ ("only")
The definite article is not used when there are demonstratives and Possessive pronouns, as the existence of demonstratives and Possessive pronouns inply to definiteness.
Indefiniteness can be indicated by the indefinite article /ɛn/, it is used for all singular countable nouns. There's no varieties between noun classes.
Negation
Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses are introduced with the invariant relativizer /də/, the use of /də/ is universal to all roles except when the role of the antecedent is a possessor in the relative clause.
/də/ can always be replaced with the complementizer /dat/.
When the the role of the antecedent is a possessor in the relative clause, the relativizer /wɛs/ might be used.
Noun Clauses
Noun Clauses are introduced with the invariant complementizer/dat/ when it is a complete sentence.
Infinitives
The bare infinitive of all verbs end in -/ən/ or -/n/, as the infinitive forms in Standard German and Dutch.
Below are the uses of infinitives:
1. Infinitive with Modal Verbs
2. Infinitive as a Noun
3. Infinitive in to and um to Sentences
4. Infinitive with a Conjugated Non-modal Verb
Nouns
Nouns don't have genders or cases, and there are no genders or cases except for personal pronouns; however, nouns have singular and plural forms, and the distinction between strong nouns(called s-nouns) and weak nouns(called n-nouns) still exist, making them the two main declination classes for nouns, although only the s-nouns form an open class.
Adjectives
Unlike most Germanic languages, but like English, Adjectives don't decline in colloquial speech and the modern standard languages; however, in some early written forms of Town Speech-Plattdytch, adjectives decline according to number and definiteness.
Determiners
Determiners include articles, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, and numerals. As adjectives, determiners don't decline, except that demonstratives agree with the noun in number.
Verbs
Verbs conjugate, and is the most complex part for the morphology of Town Speech-Plattdytch.
Verbs conjugate according to person and tense-aspect-mood, and are divided into two classes: Strong Verbs and Weak Verbs, with a number of irregular verbs, as in other Germanic languages.
Below are the stem vowel changes of Strong Verbs:
Class I: /aɪ/ - /i:/ - /ɛ/
Class II:
type IIa: /i:/ - /o:/ - /o:/
type IIb: /aʊ/ - /o:/ - /o:/
Class III:
type IIIa: /ɪ/ - /a/ - /ʊ/
type IIIb: /ɛ/ - /a/ - /ɔ/ (in
Town Speech) / /ɛ/ - /ɔ:/ - /ɔ/ (in Plattdytch)special case:
/gəwɪnnən/ “to win”: /gəwɪn-/ - /gəwɔn-/ - /gəwɔnnən/
/fe:tən/ “to fight”: /fe:t-/ - /faɪt-/ - /fo:tən/
Class IV: /e:/ - /ɑ:/ - /o:/
special case:
/ko:mən/ “to come”: /ko:m-/ - /kɑ:m-/ - /ko:mən/
Class V: /e:/ - /ɑ:/ - /e:/
special case:
/we:gən/ “to weigh”: /we:-/ - /wɑ:-/ - /we:gən/
/lɪgən/ “to lie down”: /lɪg-/ - /le:-/ - /le:gən/
Class VI:
type VIa: /a/ - /u:/ - /a/
type VIb: /ɑ:/ - /u:/ - /ɑ:/
special case:
/dɹɑ:gən/ “to wear”: /dɹe:-/ - /dɹu:-/ - /dɹɑ:gən/
/slɑ:n/ “to hit”: /slɑ:-/ - /slu:-/ - /slɑ:gən/
/standən/ “to stand”: /stand-/ - /stu:d-/ - /standən/
Class VII:
✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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