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Politeness in Niryokulta ⦁ Noaivoain
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Ways how politeness is expressed in Niryokulta.
This private article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 28 Feb 2021, 19:04.
[comments] nrjkpoliteness
Niryokulta distinguishes no honorifics nor special pronouns for politeness in standard language and dialects. Politeness can be expressed with conditional and some other moods, certain words and generally speaking in standard language; speaking in dialect with authorities or strangers and in work or any other public place is mostly considered impolite. This however happens mainly in Sákčuitagámdŋuolaučat (eastern islands region) and Akamyokulta’s capital Koarátkeiŋ.
When first meeting someone, it is common to address them with one of these words:
- • šoraŋ [ˈɕoɹaŋ] “sir” (originally meant “man” in the older stage of the language; in context of human male is considered archaic)
• šorioaŋ [ˈɕoɹjoa̯ŋ] “miss, lady” (same situation as above; originally meant “woman” before words from Ngeyv were borrowed)
Note there is also gender neutral word jok [jox] (possibly derived from word for person, “jokul”) which is however considered archaic. Though, in western dialects it is still commonly used.
If speaker doesn’t know the name of person they are addressing, they use plain “šoraŋ/šorioaŋ”; in case they know it, they use person’s username + “-šoraŋ/-šorioaŋ” (+ vocative in direct addressing):
Jylvis-šoraŋók, novost! [ˈji:ɫvɪsˌɕoɹaŋo:x ˈnovost]
Jylvis-šoraŋ-ók nov-ost
Jylvis-sir-VOCVocative (case)
'O [addressee]' good-IMPImperative (mood)
command.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
‘Sir Jylvis, welcome!’
Sadiehakollo Ŋuovis-šorioaŋ. [ˈsaȶɪe̯haˌkʰoɬo ˈŋuo̯vɪsˌɕoɹjoa̯ŋ]
sa-dieha-koll-o Ŋuovis-šorioaŋ
NEGNegative (polarity)
not-here-COPCopula
used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate-3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current Ŋuovis-miss
‘Miss/lady Ŋuovis is not here.’
Using person’s first name is less polite, used mainly between co-workers, people that know each other, etc. The same thing works with professions:
- • kuoŋul-šoraŋ(ók)/-šorioaŋ(ók) (pupils at school address to their teacher this way); etc.
For requests, conditional is most often used; also, it is better to use word such as “please, thank you, etc.”.
- Seltiečoa, kágtagaŋ? [ˈseɫȶʰɪe̯t͡ɕoa̯ ˈkʰæ:ktʰakaŋ]
selt-iečoa kágta-gaŋ
help-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).CONDConditional (mood)
would.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current please-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current-QInterrogative
question
‘Would you help, please?’
Seltgálniečoagaŋ? Sornata. [ˈseɫtʰkæ:ɫȵɪe̯ˌt͡ɕoa̯kaŋ ˈsoɹnatʰa]
selt-gáln-iečoa-gaŋ sornat-a
help-can-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).CONDConditional (mood)
would.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current-QInterrogative
question thank-1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I.INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
‘Could you help? Thank you.’
It is not polite to use plain imperative, instead, Niryokulta uses causative. Even more polite is causative combined with conditional, but that is rather archaic and used mainly in literature. Sometimes it is also used as a very polite greeting, so instead of ‘novost’ (good-IMP.2S), it is ‘novŋoa’ (good-CAUS-2S.PRES).
- Jotŋoa! [ˈjotʰŋoa̯]
jot-ŋ-oa
stop-CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
‘Stop!’ Lit. ‘make (it) stop’
Polite greetings are recommended in most of situations, the impolite ones are used between children, teens and friends mainly. They are created with prefix “no-” meaning “good” + part of the day and can be used with comitative ending:
- Novost./Novošt./Novot. ‘Welcome.’ (good-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).IMPImperative (mood)
command/good-2DSecond person dual (person)
addressee (you two).IMPImperative (mood)
command/good-2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural).IMPImperative (mood)
command)
Noboatan./Noboatanigu. ‘Good day.’
Nokulbüst./Nokulbüstigu. ‘Good morning.’
Nohulbüst./Nohulbüstigu. ‘Good evening.’
Nobüst./Nobüstigu. ‘Good night.’
Nošaikuligu. ‘Goodbye (for now).’ (health-COMComitative (case)
'together with')
Nošaikvost. ‘Goodbye (forever or for a really long time).’ (healthy-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).IMPImperative (mood)
command)
These are less used (are considered archaic and are used by older generations and in literature only):
- Novoa./Novoan. ‘Welcome.’ (good-2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current/good-2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural).INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current)
Novolnboathulbüst. ‘Good afternoon.’
Novolnboatkulbüst. ‘Good forenoon.’
Informal, impolite greetings (actually just shorter versions of polite greetings):
- Nov. ‘Hello./Hi.’
Noboa. ‘G’day.’
Nobü. ‘Night.’
Nokbü. ‘Morning.’
Nohbü. ‘Evening.’
Nošai. ‘Bye.’
pls excuse me if sth doesnt make sense, im no linguist + my english is not as good as i wish it was✎ Edit Article ✖ Delete Article
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