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Declensions, Copula and Verbs

This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 22 Oct 2017, 21:33.

[comments] edwlessonslesson 1 Ediferian (5 articles)

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1. Ediferian Declensions ? ?

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Menu 1. Verbs 2. The Copula 3. Negative 4. The Use of Tenses and Pronuciation

Ediferian is a fusion language, as the nouns and the adjectives have their own declensions. Moreover, there are many particles to be added to the end of a noun to change their meaning or their function into the sentence. Nouns are so divided into stem, suffix and postposition. In case the stem ends with a consonant and the suffix starts with a consonant, a thematic vowel will be added before the suffix, becoming part of the suffix itself. This rule is not applied if the last consonant of the stem is equal to the first consonant of the suffix.

Example Edeletinor also Edeletim (In the lands) can be divided into Ed-e-let-in

You can find Ediferian declensions into this article.

[edit] [top]Verbs

The verb is one of the most important elements in a sentence, because it defines a lot about the meaning of a sentence. It is usually placed at the end of the sentence (since the sentence structure in Ediferian is SOV).

Every verb in

Ediferian has a conjugation. The most important aspects of the verb are the tense, the mood and the voice.
A verb is formed by three parts: the stem, the tense infix (that can either be present or not) and the person suffix.

Example: Deflobi (I am going to give) can be divided into Defl-ob-i

There are three tenses in Ediferian:

Present tense is used to locate a situation in present time;
Past tense is used to locate a situation in the past time. It is characterized by the -im- infix (-il- for Participle);
Future tense is used to locate a situation in future time. It is characterized by the -ob- infix (-ar- for Participle, -ab- for Imperative).

There are also six moods:

Indicative mood is used to express certainty of what happened, is happening or is going to happen
Conjunctive mood is used to express incertainty of what happened, is happening or will happen. Moreover, it is used for constructions and clauses
Imperative mood is used to express an order (to whoever the speaker wants to give it, also to him/her/itself), an action that must be done, in the present or in the future, due to the will of the speaker or an invitation to do something
Participle mood is mainly used to replace an only verbal relative clause. The past participle is also used to form the passive voice of a verb (along with the verb Vede, to be)
Gerund mood is used to form nominalized verbs, that can be used to build constructions and clauses
Infinite mood is the verbal mood you will find onto the dictionary. Its typical suffix is -ede.

Moreover, there are seven persons in Ediferian:

First Person Singular Eg
Second Person Singular Thu
Third Person Singular MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male Nas, FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female Nea, NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter Din
First Person Plural Inclusive Ner
First Person Plural Exclusive Nam
Second Person Plural Vor
First Person Singular MMasculine gender (gender)
masculine or male Nes, FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female Noa, NNeuter (gender)
neutral or neuter Den

This said, here is the conjugation of the verb Deflede (to give)

	INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis			CNJVConjunctive (mood) subordinates or serialises verb			IMPImperative (mood) command
	PASPast action occurred before moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	PASPast action occurred before moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech
1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I	Deflimi	Defli	Deflobi	Deflimëam	Deflëam	Deflobëam	Defloim	Deflaboim
2SSecond person singular (person) addressee (you)	Deflimir	Deflir	Deflobir	Deflimëar	Deflëar	Deflobëar	Defloi	Deflaboi
3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee	Deflim	Deflit	Deflobit	Deflimëat	Deflëat	Deflobëat	Defloit	Deflaboit
1PEFirst person plural exclusive (person) we (exclusive)	Deflimath	Deflitha	Deflobath	Deflimëath	Deflëath	Deflobëath	Defloima	Deflaboima
1PIFirst person plural inclusive (person) we (inclusive)	Deflimon	Deflison	Deflobon	Deflimëon	Defleson	Deflobëon	Defloima	Deflaboima
2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural)	Deflimar	Deflisar	Deflobar	Deflimaer	Deflesar	Deflobaer	Defloiga	Deflaboiga
3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them	Deflimanit	Deflinat	Deflobanit	Deflimenat	Deflenat	Deflobenat	Defloida	Deflaboida
PCPParticiple adjectival form of a verb				GERGerund verbal noun			INFInfinitive (TAM) non-tensed verb
PASPast action occurred before moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech		NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	Deflede		Deflede
Defilor*	Deflaninn	Deflaror		GENGenitive (case) possessive	Defeli*
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location	Defelis*
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient	Defelim*

*If the verbal stem ends with an L (e.g. Deflede, whose stem is Defl-), the stem for the Past Participle and the Genitive, Dative and Accusative of the Gerund will be the same of the other cases, but deprived of the L (e.g. Defl- becomes Def-, and so Defilor).

[edit] [top]The Copula

The usal structure of an Ediferian sentence would normally be SOV (Subject, Object, Verb). When the verb is replaced by the copula Vede, the structure of the sentence becomes SVO (Subject, Verb, Object).
Differently from the other verbs, Vede has an irregular conjugation:

1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I, 2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) and 3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them suffixes are, respectively, -im, -is and -init (Vim, Vis, Vinit)
INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis PASPast
action occurred before moment of speech uses the stem Vav- and does not need the infix -im (Vavim, Vavis, Vavit...)
INDIndicative mood (mood)
a common form of realis FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech uses the stem Vor- and does not need the infix -ob (Vorim, Voris, Vorit...)
CNJVConjunctive (mood)
subordinates or serialises verb PREPresent uses the stem S- (Sim, Sis, Sit)
CNJVConjunctive (mood)
subordinates or serialises verb PASPast
action occurred before moment of speech uses the stem Sev- and does not need the infix -im (Sevëam, Sevëas, Sevëat...)
CNJVConjunctive (mood)
subordinates or serialises verb FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech uses the stem Sor- and does not need the infix -im (Sorëam, Sorëas, Sorëat...)

So the conjugation table for the copula would be the following:

	INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis			CNJVConjunctive (mood) subordinates or serialises verb			IMPImperative (mood) command
	PASPast action occurred before moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	PASPast action occurred before moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech
1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I	Vavim	Vim	Vorim	Sevëam	Sim	Sorëam	Voim	Varoim
2SSecond person singular (person) addressee (you)	Vavis	Vis	Voris	Sevëas	Sis	Sorëas	Voi	Varoi
3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee	Vavit	Vit	Vorit	Sevëat	Sit	Sorëat	Voit	Varoit
1PEFirst person plural exclusive (person) we (exclusive)	Vavar	Visar	Vosar	Sevaer	Semar	Soraer	Voima	Varoima
1PIFirst person plural inclusive (person) we (inclusive)	Vavon	Vison	Voson	Sevëon	Semon	Sorëon	Voima	Varoima
2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural)	Vavath	Vitha	Votha	Sevëath	Setha	Soretha	Voitha	Varoitha
3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them	Vavanit	Vinit	Voranit	Sevenat	Semat	Sorenat	Voida	Varoida
PCPParticiple adjectival form of a verb				GERGerund verbal noun			INFInfinitive (TAM) non-tensed verb
PASPast action occurred before moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech		NOMNominative (case) TRANS subject, INTR argument	Vede		Vede
Valor	Vaninn	Voror		GENGenitive (case) possessive	Veli
	DATDative (case) indirect object; recipient, beneficiary, location	Velis
	ACCAccusative (case) TRANS direct object; patient	Velim

[edit] [top]Negative

In order to make a verb negative, you should add the negative suffix -nag (or its variations) at the end of the verb (for Indicative, Conjunctive and Imperative) or the affix na- at the start of the verb (in case of Participle, Gerund and Infinite).
The suffix -nag varies depending on what letter precedes it:

In case of the preceeding letter is a vowel, the suffix stays -nag (Deflinag; I don't give)
In case it is r, th, n or m the suffix becomes -ag (Deflirag, Deflimathag, Deflisonag, Defloimag; You don't give, We didn't give, We don't give, I shall not give)
In case it is t, the last consonant of the positive verb becomes n, and the suffix stays -nag (Deflit -> Deflinnag; He doesn't give)

[edit] [top]The Use of Tenses and Pronuciation

Not any Tense and/or mood can be used at any time, of course. For example:

The Indicative Future can only be used if there is sureness of the future you are expressing; e.g. eg qimm dreganilet marqas deflobi... Eg thimm dreganilet Marthas deflobi... (I'm going to give Martha this drawing...)
The Indicative Future is used to express an insecure future; e.g. ...den nea flobinnag! ...den nea flobinnag! (But she won't accept it! Maybe she will like it, maybe she will throw it, I don't know)
The same reasoning should be applied to every tense (even if it is not always applied by native speakers)

If you want to express anteriority or posteriority in relation to a past or future tense, you should use compound tenses, following the rules of the Ediferian consecutio temporum, written on the following table:

	Anteriority	Contemporaneity	Posteriority
Past	PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech of Nede + PSPARTPast participle	PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech of Vede + FPARTFuture participle "about to x"	PREPresent of Nede + PSPARTPast participle
Present	PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	PREPresent	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech
Future	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech of Nede + PSPARTPast participle	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech	FUTFuture (tense) action occurring after the moment of speech of Vede + FPARTFuture participle "about to x"

The verb Vede preceded by an Accusative Past Participle of a verb is used to form the passive voice of a verb (in that case the sentence structure will be SOV), but we will study this more deeply into the next lessons
Also the gerund and infinite moods have a past and future tenses. In order to make a Past Gerund or a Past Infinite, the first -e- of the stem, should be switched with an -i- (Deflide, Defili, Defilis, Defilim), while, to make a Future Gerund or a Future Infinite, it should be switched with an -a- (Deflade, Defali, Defalis, Defalim)
For Participle tenses, the general rule establishes that the stress mark should be placed on the firt syllable of the suffixes (since they are made of two syllables), but the stress mark actually is placed on the last syllable of the stem. This happens because not the whole suffix is considered as an actual suffix, but part of it (the infix) becomes part of the stem of the newly formed adjective, and so the common rule of the stress mark is applied (Defilor = 'defiloɾ, Deflaninn = 'deflanin:, Deflaror = 'deflaɾoɾ)

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