Lesson #1

conjunctions
ə — and
i — or
saa — but
odh — because
khai — if
fai — then, therefore, so
pon·ss — although, despite, in spite of
said — when, at the time that

circumpositions
case markers
a — nominative
y — genitive (also used for non-inherent adjectives)
e — accusative
u — relative clause separator

spatial/temporal/conceptual
ll — to, toward, until
es — from (originating from, starting from x time)
la — for (because of, for the benefit of)
he — at (place)
buu — at (time)
hi — in, within
li — with (together)
us — with/via (using/by means of) - often used for causative (x using y does z = x makes y do z)
ho — on (physically), with ____ under it
mi — off of, out of, not on/in (physically)
ne — under (physically), with _____ on it
ny — above (not touching)
ngo — about (topic), for (use/purpose)
nga — around (physically circling)
ar — like, similar to, as - often used for adverbials
bə — beyond, further away than, behind (with respect to speaker's position relative to the 2 items)
ngee — after
co — between
gin — without (also absence, dearth, lack)
rr — during, while, through (time)

They can be combined/nested, usually a spatial prep + ll "to" or es "from" - ex. ll hi "to in" = into, es ny "from above"

devoted temporal/spatial adverbs
ens — then, at that time (used for general past tense when you don't have a specific time like "yesterday"), "____ed"
das — just, just now (very recent past), "has ______ed"
han — right now, currently, is in the middle of doing, "is _______ing"
ain — future, "will ___"
sidh — past up to now, "has been ____"
pfel — now and the future, "is becoming ____"

suu — away, outwards, (surrounded by a directional circumfix) -wards, with movement

miscellaneous function words
nen — particle added after (or less commonly before) a word to mean "one who [verb]s"/"one who is [adjective]"

hai — passivizing particle for compounds and adjectives - kus·no nen "abandoner" vs hai kus·no nen "abandoned one"

is — diminutive suffix, "-ish"/"a little bit"/"sort of"

əv — one (number), a (indefinite article)

equivalents to english modals and other common "verbs"
aan — is, it is, yes, certainly
nn — is, it's, yeah (common informal slurring of aan)
fos — is not, it's not, no, not

nai — to want/desire/wish for, a want/desire/wish, wanting/desiring/wishing-for
bvut — to attempt/try to, an attempt, attempted, as an attempt
xhoo — can/to be able to, ability/possibility, possible, possibly
xhoo is — may/might, uncertain possibility/ability, possible-but-unlikely, maybe

kis — do, action, doing/active, actively
luu — do this, this one, this _______, this way/like this
loo — do that, that one, that _______, that way/like that
jee·nə — be here, this place, the ________ here, here
duub — be/exist, existence, existent (this is not normally used as a copula, aan/nn are the normal copulas)

ang — have/possess/own, ownership/possession (of something), having/possessing
zin — make happen/cause/start up, beginning/start/origin/birth, starting/beginning, as a start

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