Mesyar Grammar
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The article that contains EVERYTHING
This public article was written by [Deactivated User], and last updated on 13 May 2020, 11:18.
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3. Basic Sentences
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7. Conculture
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8. Gender in Mesyar
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9. Mesyar Grammar
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10. Mesyar Havoc
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11. Mesyar Idioms
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12. Mesyar Syntax
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13. Naergåo Någizel
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17. Pronunciation
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18. Riåsår Zåçael
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19. Stressing in Mesyar
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20. Survival Phrases
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21. Syntax Test Cases
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22. The Verb "To Be"
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23. Verbs - Present Tense
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This article will have most of the grammar from Mesyar. WIPIn Mesyar, noun to noun possession is usually made simple by changing "The girl's house" to "The house of the girl," but this also means that "li" must be included in the sentence because of the usage of an adposition, in this case "of."
Mesyar uses a possessive pronoun to make a sentence with noun to noun possession, the possessive pronoun has to match with the noun who is possessing the other noun, and this possessive pronoun MUST go directly after the noun who is possessing. Also, since it would look kind of wrong and sound even worst, "nis" is added RIGHT AFTER the noun being possessed. It should look something like this:
The girl her house nis
Le nisa çu bae nis
Sometimes, using the "nis" instead of changing the sentence into a different order, can make it much shorter, or even longer. There is nothing wrong with using "The house of the girl" instead of "The girl's house," but in both cases, keep in mind that you must add "nis" or "li" where they belong! And, be careful, because "li" can be a little tricky to place, so if you are not feeling secure, just go with "nis." An example of "The house of the girl" compared to "The girl's house" would be:
Le nisa çu bae nis
Noun to noun possession is pretty easy in Mesyar, it kind of sounds right to, otherwise, a literal translation of that same phrase, "The girl's house," with out "nis" would be something like "The girl her house."
"Nis" can also be used as a word connector, for example, with the word "sand castle," you would normally say "castle of sand," but, that means that you MUST add a "li" somewhere, but, with "nis," you can easily relate both words by changing "sand castle" into "castle sandnis."
Castle sandnis
Muyå terinenis
This doesn't need to be used exclusively for two "simple" nouns like "sand" and "castle," but it can be used for "rice farming," in this case "rice" is the descriptive word, so it is placed last, making it "farming ricenis," as you can see, with out the "nis," in English, it would become confusing since it would become "farming rice." This is how "rice farming" would look:
Farming ricenis
Seiyå ruzeonis
"Nis" can be used to relate two words to each other, almost making one of those words an adjective. By using "nis," you are able to skip transforming the sentence even more into using adpositions and "li."
In
Mesyar, adjectives are conjugated depending on the class and number of the noun that it is refering to. The different classes involved in the conjugation of adjectives are the animacy (person, animal or inanimate), the number (singular and plural), and the visibility (visible or not visible) of the noun. The 'unknown' class is used when the noun that the adjective is referring to is not know by the speaker (number or animacy). Adjective conjugation in Mesyar, follows a set of rules, but really often, adjectives are irregular and follow no rule, that is why some adjectives need to be memorized. In this case (see the table below), the adjective 'galo' (weak) is irregular in only one case, its singular animal invisible form, in this case, instead of eliminating the -o and adding -ås, 'galo' is conjugated into gåma.Note: The infinitive form of an adjective in Mesyar is always ending in -o, the same as the singular person visible form.
Note: The adjectival form of a verb also needs to be conjugated.
Note: Adjectives ALWAYS go after the noun, there is no exception to the rule.
| weak adjective | ||
| SGSingular (number) one countable entity | PLPlural (number) more than one/few | |
|---|---|---|
| PRSNPerson (gender/class) person, sentient being.VISVisible (proximity) thing within sight | -o galo | -on galon |
| ANMLAnimal (class/gender) nonhuman animal.VISVisible (proximity) thing within sight | -å galå | -ån galån |
| INInanimate (gender/class) for non-living things.VISVisible (proximity) thing within sight | -et galet | -en galen |
| PRSNPerson (gender/class) person, sentient being.NVISNon visible (proximity) Thing out of sight | -os galos | -ous galous |
| ANMLAnimal (class/gender) nonhuman animal.NVISNon visible (proximity) Thing out of sight | -ås gåma | -åus galåus |
| INInanimate (gender/class) for non-living things.NVISNon visible (proximity) Thing out of sight | -el galel | -eus galeus |
| UKNWUnknown gender (gender) large or unknown things | -l galol | -es galoes |
Articles also change depending on other factors, if it is negative, superlative, adverbial and conditional.
The conditional form of an adjective is used when an adjective is being in a conditional phrase, for example "You are nice if you hug me," in this case, 'nice' would be conjugated as conditional.
Note: When applying this extra forms, there is an order - CLASS, NUMBER & VISIBILITY(NEG(COND(SUP/ADV))
| weak adjective | ||||
| NEGNegative (polarity) not | SUPSuperlative English 'most', '-est' | ADVAdverbial e.g. English '-ly' | CONDConditional (mood) 'if' | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ø | nol- nolgalo | fae- faegalo | -enen galenen | yi- yigalo |
In Mesyar, gender is applied to every noun, there are three different types of gender, masculine, feminine and neutral/unknown. Masculine nouns end with e |e| or r |ɹ|, feminine nouns end with a |a| and neutral/unknown gender nouns end with o |o| or å |ɑ|. But every noun can change gender by adding a different letter to the end of the word, this is what we call le fasdur humgiel |le fasduɹ humgiel| and le fasdur mafeo |le fasduɹ mafeo|, meaning the original gender and the special gender.
For example, wafata |wafata|, which means apple, is feminine in it's fasdur humgiel, but wafate |wafate| is apple in it's masculine fasdur mafeo.
In Mesyar everything can be masculine, feminine and neutral/unknown, but for the sake of organization, each noun has an original gender which can then change into a different one.
Todje neådsel or neådsår nahuel, meaning "blind thing" or "grammatical blindness" respectively, is a rule used to hide the visibility of an object being described. Adjectives in Mesyar are conjugated depending on a number of things, but the most important are animacy (human, animal, inanimate) and visibility (visible, invisible). There is also an additional form in which none of these features are determined. In the case of visibility, the invisible declension is usually used, and the undetermined or unknown form of the adjective is rarely used even though it can be used as itself without any type of special grammatical rules. However, this rule allows for the speaker to hide their stance on the visibility of the described noun, either due to lack of knowledge on Mesyar grammar or the actual visibility of the object (which is not the objective of the rule) or to apply it as a literary device when it is intended to not disclose all of the information available.
Under this rule, there are three different types of sentences: dalke, which is the one in which the object of an action is being described, dalkrå, which is the one in which the subject of an action is being described, and dalkå, which is the one in which no verb is present in the sentence, and the described noun stands alone.
Under a dalke, the adjective is modified to be on its unknown form, only maintaining its previous number. Additionally, the verb is altered by adding -l, and by previously removing its last consonant if it ended in one.
Budtari le asafe yanduså
Budtaril le asafe yandusol
Under a dalkrå, the adjective is modified like it was under a dalka, and the verb changes by adding etj/etjå- as a preffix.
Le måza bo har lubebo çuawåbuo le çibo
Le måza bol har etjålubebo çuawåbuo le çibo
Lastly, under a dalkå, the adjective follows the same rule as in the other sentence types, but the described noun is modified by adding etj/etjå- as a prefix instead of the verb as it was in a dalkrå.
Le lodu filieus
Le etjålodu filioes
In Mesyar, most nouns end in a, å, e, o or r. Those nouns that end in a vowel are always stressed on the second last syllable, except when the noun is monosyllabic. When a noun ends in "or", is the last syllable the one that is stressed. When a noun ends in "år", the third last syllable is stressed. Every other possible ending makes the noun stressed on its second last syllable. When a noun is plural, the stress is placed where it would have been when singular.
Verbs, unlike nouns, can end in any letter making it possible to have a lot of different combinations of words. Verbs in their infinitive form, with the affix "ka", are stressed on the second last syllable if there are at least two syllables after "ka", if there is only one syllable after "ka", it's the last syllable the one stressed. Once the verb is conjugated, the rules of stressing changes. If an already conjugated verb has more than two syllables, then, the third last syllable is stressed. Those conjugated verbs that are shorter than three syllables are always stressed on the syllable that is the farthest from the last one.
Adjective are stressed according to their conjugation, every adjective that is on its simplest form is stressed on the second last syllable. Every adjective conjugated in any form that describes the object while it not being visible is stressed on the last syllable. Every other conjugation of an adjective is stressed on the second last syllable.
Any other word that isn't a proper noun, a noun, an adjective, or a verb, is stressed on the second last syllable, or on the last syllable when monosyllabic.
Proper nouns don't have any specific rule for stressing, the can be stressed on any of their syllables, it is just a matter of memorization. Usually, the names of countries, rivers, oceans or any other geographical feature, is stressed on the second-last syllable.
Stressing in Mesyar is pretty easy, and even if you don't stress the words on the right place, you will still be understood, still, there are some irregularities that don't follow the rule of stress, but, since there is no rule for them, you just have to learn where to stress those irregular words.
There are three different types of voices in Mesyar: active, passive, mediopassive (låar, geår, and yåar respectively). The two most common ones, låar, and geår are easily distinguished by the position of the subject and the verb with a few minimal possible variations. However, yåar requires more work to accomplish.
To denote the active voice, the subject precedes the verb, and the verb denotes action taken by the subject rather than to the subject.
Le måza egayar le sabe
In the sentence above, the woman is the subject acting upon the door, the object. The sentence is clearly direct in terms of who acts on whom. But Mesyar allows for other variations that still account for an active voice.
The door the woman opens
Le sabe le måza egeyar nan
Låza is often used to refer to the alternative form of the usual låar. In this case, the regular SVO sentence structure utilized in Mesyar is switched to OSV while maintaining the active voice but granting more focus to the object rather than the subject. In order to do this, the epenthetic particle 'nan' must directly follow the verb.
Geår, or the passive voice is quite the opposite of låar, but does not have too much room to vary. If we consider the sentence from an active voice point of view, when transferring it to a passive voice, the subject would become the object and vice-versa. This change allows for the focus and attention to be centered on the action being done to the former object and consider the former subject as just additional information that does not require full attention.
Le sabe ube gayarbåel agi le måza li
As it can be viewed by the example above, a deeper conjugation of the verb is required so that the action is done to the subject itself. Additionally, passive voice sentences often require the use of adpositions, and therefore, will often include the epenthetic particle 'li.'
Yåar, or mediopassive voice, is possibly the least common type of sentence discussed in this section of the article; however, it exists and so it must be comprehended to understand some sentences that might seem strange at first.
Mediopassive voice acts in a way in which the subject is the object simultaneously so the action is done and received by the same entity. To demonstrate yåar, instead of altering the verb into an ergative form, it is the noun that indicates such sentence structure. On mediopassive voice sentences, the verb is conjugated solely as it would be done if the sentence was passive, meaning that the subject does the action to another entity. To make it more clear, here is an example of what the concept of mediopassive voice would be once broken down in Mesyar:
Le sabe egeyar le sabe
In that example, the door is both being opened and opening. (It is obvious that it could be changed to 'itself' to be more coherent, but I'll be using this example to explain the process that occurs in mediopassive voice). That example above does not qualify as yåar, but it helps to understand the thinking behind.
To make a mediopassive voice sentence, since the verb remains unchanged as if it were under active voice, the subject is altered by deleting its last letter and adding -n/in depending if it ends in a vowel or a consonant after the removal of its last letter.
Le sabin
Then, the subject already denotes the voice and any verb added in an active voice will be considered to be ergative.
Le sabin egeyar
In the case of the use of personal pronouns such as "I/Myself," they can be kept separated without altering the voice, or -n would be added to the pronoun in its subject form.
Maår makurnis is the name of the sentences that work strictly under a copula or of a similar nature. The name of the grammatical rule is makurba, the name given to the sentence is maår makurnis, the one given to the copula-acting verb is dea markunwo, and the one to the subject of the sentence is dea yeitel.
This rule modifies the sentence structure of those sentences that follow a specific nature (that of copula verbs) and are visibly simple containing little additions. Possible candidates to work under this rule would be: I am human. You are green. It smells bad. The dogs will feel sad again. A rule of thumb to understand whether a sentence should follow makurba is visualizing the sentence in Mesyar prior to applying the rule and checking whether the sentence would be formed by a subject, a copula verb, an adjective (tackled as an object), and at most an adverb.
The changes that the sentence undergoes are the following: it becomes VOS (where the subject cannot be omitted), and in case of an adverb, it goes right after the dea markunwo. The dea markunwo is changed to fit the rule by conjugating it into 3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.UKNWUnknown gender (gender)
large or unknown things.FUTFuture (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech, removing the first letter (in the case of it not being irregularly conjugated) and adding ç- as an affix to the dea markunwo. If it is irregular in that specific declension and starts with a vowel, u- would be added. However, it must be noted that the verb to be, kalube, is once again, irregular, even when it is the dea markunwo, so, instead of becoming çuben, it becomes çun. The dea yeitel is altered by making it plural but slightly different, so masculine and neutral nouns would have -n or -en in case of ending in r, and those that are feminine would have -s. In the case of the plural nouns, they would add -il to the end of the word regardless of the gender. Pronouns would behave the same way as if they were nouns; however, only the root of the pronoun (in its subject form without the -ne root) would be used. Additionally, to determine the tense of the action, -a would be added for present tense, -oi for past tense, and nothing for future tense. In the case of wanting to use another tense, makurba would not apply.
Ube sårko
Çun sårko hasa
Alube dewerdo
Çun dewerdo masa
Liebåle moskel
Çiebån moskel sasoi
Le hangures rarezai huluomån ante
Çaren ante huluomån le hanguresil
Numbers start pretty simple but it can get really confusing, just remember, it is all based on adding numbers to the left to make it bigger, just like you would do it in Math.
Zero - Nå
One - Ut
Two - Uin
Three - Dui
Four - Eid
Five - Mein
Six - Gae
Seven - Båe
Eight - Otae
Nine - Mue
Ten - Mien
From the numbers 11 to 99, things change a little bit, in the case of 11 to 19, you add "mien" (ten) and "y" to the initial number,
if that number starts with a consonants, instead of "y," you add "ya,"
For numbers like 20, 30 ,40, etc... you add the initial number, and then "baçu,"
And if you want a number like 23, you follow the same rule as for 11 to 19, but using the word for 2 instead of 10 and using "ba" instead of "y" or "ya",
Eleven - Mienyut
Twelve - Mienyuin
Thirteen - Mienyadui
Twenty - Uinbaçu
Twenty-one - Uinbaut
Thirty - Duibaçu
Thirty-one - Duibaut
Forty - Eidbaçu
Fifty - Meinbaçu
Sixty - Gaebaçu
Seventy - Båebaçu
Eighty - Otaebaçu
Ninety - Muebaçu
Let's make this easier, I will just write a big number and break each rule slowly, 63481 - gaebaduimaiye eidbå otaebaut - let's break it down.
"Gae" (six) + "ba" + "dui" (three) = 63 + "maiye" (one thousand) = 63000
63000 + "eid" (four) + "bå" (hundred) = 63400
63400 + "otae" (eight) "ba" + "ut" (one) = 63481 = Gaebaduimaiye eidbå otaebaut
So, this is basically all you need to know, if you want to say one million you just say how many thousands (maiye) has one million, in case that you run out of numbers, imagine "one billion," just say "999999 maiye + 999999 maiye + 999999 maiye + etc..." (I am kidding, although it is possible if you wish to do it)
Million - Bek
Billion - Mål
When using a verb that directly refers to a pronoun, the object pronoun can be swapped into the verb. This is called "Teno nuekå," meaning "Hidden Object." It must be taken into account that this can only be used in verbs that directly address the object such as "I like you," "He eats it," "They open it," but obviously, in Mesyar. The affix is added in the beggining of the verb after it being conjugated, in case of there being some kind of auxiliary or word modifying the verb, the affix is added to what would be the root of the verb. It is also added after the negation of a verb AFF(NEG(VERB))
Lå çibåtulrie
The affixes are as follow:
ha - First Person Singular
ta - First Person Plural
ma - Second Person Singular
la - Second Person Plural
çi -Third Person Singular
çå - Third Person Plural
Naergåo någizel, or 'adhesive past,' is a special feature that can be used when conjugating verbs in the past tense. It involves the verb itself plus the subject's article. It must be taken into consideration that this rule can only be applied when the subject is visible, meaning that there is no pronoun substituting the real noun, and there must also be definite article along the subject of the sentence.
It is called 'adhesive past' because it 'adheres' to the subject, more specifically, to the article. It works the following way:
If you were to say 'The boy went to the park,' without the knowledge of this rule, you would say 'Le nuso moule ås yedjå li,' but if you apply the rule of naergåo någizel, in this case we can because the subject (boy) is followed by a definite article (the), it would become 'Len nuso mou ås yedjå li'
As you can see, 'n' is added to the article 'le,' and the verb, in this case 'kamou' becomes 'mou' which is first person singular, present.
Le leår laihele ahaya
Len leår laihe ahaya
Le ubeås eben diseus
Len ubeås lua diseus
This grammatical rule is optional and the normal past can be used instead, but it sounds more natural to use the naergåo någizel.
Adpositions in Mesyar work the same as in a lot of other languages, the only exception is that they toggle a little but important grammatical rule. That grammatical rule is called "Li çu dåmar nis," meaning "Li's rule," it could also be called "Le dåmar te li li," but that would sound to repetitive because, again, of the usage of "Li çu dåmar nis."
Basically, what the rule does is obligate you to add "li" at the end of a sentence that contains a pre/adposition, it sounds easy, and you can see how it is used in the example below:
The cave of the cave bear
In the sentence above, the adposition "of" is used, so, at the end of the sentence, "li" is placed. But the rule gets a bit more complicated since the adpositions can add up so that "li" doesn't have to be constantly added:
The eggs of the chicken are in the box. The chicken is under the table
This rule is usually skipped in titles of works, like book or movie titles, or in songs because it doesn't sound as nice, it is also usually skipped in casual talking.
The particle 'li' can be excluded on titles or short sentences, and is usually avoided on daily conversations, but there are actual grammatical rules to the omission of the particle. Even though this omissions happen because of actual grammatical rules, they don't have to be followed, and instead, the particle 'li' can still be used, but it is usually dropped to shorten the sentences.
1. 'Li' is ommited when the noun that the preposition is refering to is refering to/or will happen at a future scenario. This can be seen if the verb is conjugated in future tense.
Erbe keo le yedjå
2. 'Li' is ommited when the sentence is imperative, includes a preposition that complements the imperative verb, and the adposition concludes on a plural noun.
Hatårite djån le hangures!
3. 'Li' is ommited when the adposition is targeting a possesive pronoun (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs).
Mel yudjies ube maål mamei
'Iå' could be considered some kind of auxiliary word or even a different version of 'li.' It works a little different than 'li' but it is still essential in the structuring of many sentences. 'Iå' is used to mark position detailed by an adposition like 'on,' 'over,' 'after,' etc... It is placed before the adposition but only if the word directly related to the adposition is indefinite plural, in which case, the number is dropped to singular and the article is removed from the sentence. This rule doesn't exclude 'li' from appearing after the adposition-noun clause.
Ebe maå lie zuyes li
Ebe iå maå zuye li
This rule can't be skipped, not even on casual conversations or movie/book titles like it can happen with 'li.'
Every single verb can become a negation of the action by adding 'nol' to the beginning of the conjugated verb. And that is true no matter what, but the imperative form (ridjå åamerel) has a second type of negation, it can either follow the addition of 'nol' or it can follow the Åamer Tåiyel, which means the Superior Imperative, rule.
Using 'nol,' an imperative-declined verb would look like this:
Nolpåtjete!
But if you use the Åamer Tåiyel, it would look like this:
Påtjeç!
The rule goes as follows:
1PFirst person plural (person)
we (inclusive or exclusive).IMPImperative (mood)
command - Instead of nol-VERB-ten --> -eçe/çe
2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you).IMPImperative (mood)
command - Instead of nol-VERB-te --> -eç/ç
2PSecond person plural (person)
addressee (plural).IMPImperative (mood)
command - Instead of nol-VERB-tein --> -eçei/çei
In this case, most people pronounce the 'ç' as /ʃ/ rather than /ç/.
When a word needs to be used as an adjective but there currently is no adjective for said noun, a special suffix is added to the word.
For example, in "Sado Kenowewo," meaning Dwarf Lord, the noun "Kenowe" is being written along with the adjectiviser "-wo," in this case, the now-adjective noun doesn't have to be conjugated according to the rule for adjective, instead, it can be left unconjugated. Both "Sian Kenowewo" and "Sian Kenowewon" would be right, I know that in this case, dwarfs are being categorized as human, but that is how it works, meaning that as long as "-wo" is added to adjectivise the noun, it will be alright.
Also, to avoid hard words to pronounce, "-wo" is added when the original noun ends in a vowel, and "-owo" when in a consonant.
When structuring sentences in which the object is definite and plural while the verb tense is either present, past, or future perfect, and such tense is complemented with a time adverb that negates such event ever occuring such as "never," the integrity of the sentence along with the grammar changes. First and foremost, the object would lose its plural state and become singular, and in order to be understood when utilized, the adverb would fuse with the auxiliary verb present in the perfect tenses in the form of "har," "han," or "wohan," which would become "harår," "hanår," and "wohanår" respectively.
Erke han rupeåp mel hangures kawåu
Hanår rupeåp mel hangur kawåu
This rule can't be skipped as it is embedded in the proper grammar of the language and misusing it would destroy the meaning of the sentence. This rule is called "Åduçå."
Kåe ut li, or "for one," is a rule that is applied to the object of a sentence when being the target of an instrumental-comitative action such as "I rode the bike with the red bag." This rule is applicable only to sentences in which the object is being determined by an article, discarding possessive adjectives, pronouns or any other determiner that is not le, be or lie. Due to kåe ut li, the only thing that changes is the article of the object, and the change depends on the article itself. Le would become lei, be would become biye, and lie would become liye. The adpostion "with" or similar would be omitted and so would the necessity to use li, except if there are other adpositions in the sentence as well.
Pifina le nåer djån le eçer meleidel li
Pifina le nåer lei eçer meleidel
Similarly to the English language, the word 'only' can lead to very distinct meanings of a sentence. In Mesyar, such word, named "toå," can mislead sentences as well, but due to its normally unchanged position within a sentence, there are different structures to emphasize what it is being meant by "toå." It must be said that these structures, also called "få structures" or "hisuda fånis," are not enforced, but rather, they are just a tool to help make the sentence comprehensible, although they don't necessarily need to be used.
Çirokelelewån çimuzele
Toå çirokelelewån çimuzele
Toå gane få çirokelelewån çimuzele
Toå çirokelelewån çimuzele
Toå rokelele få geke ugån çimuzele
Toå çirokelelewån çimuzele
Rokelele toå geke få ugån çimuzele
Toå çirokelelewån çimuzele
Toå çirokelele få ugån çimuzele
Çirokelelewån toå çimuzele
Çirokelelewån toå gane få çimuzele
Çirokelelewån toå çimuzele
Çirokelelewån toå çimuzele få
Çirokelelewån toå çimuzele
Çirokelelewån muzele toå geke få
Both "toå" and "få" create a compound in a parethesis-like way in which the portion within is what is being targeted by the word "only," that way, confusion is reduced when there is not enough context.
Sometimes, when mixing two verbs consecutively in a sentence where both are preceded by an adposition such as "to" and the verbs are in their infinite form, such as "to survive and thrive," these two can join together into a simplified word thanks to the addition of "rey" and the depletion of "k."
Nuå ån kabåtul yå kabuçeå li
Nuå ån kabåtulreyabuçeå li
This compound allows for a reduction in the use of the word "yå," and a depletion of any possible prioritized concept such as that the verb coming first was meant to be more important than the following one. This rule, however, does not include the repetition of the same verb and those must be then followed by "yå." When uniting more than one verb, the compound behaves differently since only the last two verbs are combined with "rey" and the previous ones use a regular "r" instead.
Madjaçana ahaya ån katoyob, kabåtul yå kabuçeå li
Madjaçana ahaya ån katoyobrabåtulreyabuçeå li
Riåsår zåçael, or "internal possession" is the adhesion of the possessive indicator inside the possessed word. This grammatical rule is only applicable when the noun being possessed is part of the object of the sentence. Depending on the person and its plurality owning the noun, the change to the noun varies. Any noun possessed by more than one person, the affix -å/nå is added depending on whether the last letter is a consonant or a vowel. Then, depending on the person, a different infix is included, simulating their possessive adjective.
Çu bae ube mel bae
Çu bae ube beae
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