Tnaaq relative clauses
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[comments] trprelative clausestnaaq
2. Auxiliary verbs
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4. Phonology of Tnaaq
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5. Tnaaq clitics
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6. Tnaaq comparatives
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7. Tnaaq conjunctions
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8. Tnaaq derivation
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9. Tnaaq kinship
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10. Tnaaq nouns
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11. Tnaaq numerals
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13. Tnaaq prepositions
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14. Tnaaq pronouns
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15. Tnaaq relative clauses
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16. Tnaaq solar calendar
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17. Tnaaq syntax
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18. Tnaaq verbs
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19. Tnaaq writing system
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20. Tnaaq's background
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?FYI...
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
This article is a work in progress! Check back later in case any changes have occurred.
Tnaaq forms relative clauses with the relativizer n.
Tnaaq can make relatives out of subject, direct object, indirect object and locatives, besides several oblique antecedents.
Relative clauses can't be formed with an auxiliar. Perfective is marked by the suffix -t for every verb, and future reference only uses irrealis i-. Imperfective is used instead of progressive.
For subject relativizations of intransitive verbs no person clitic is needed, as in patient relativizations of transitive verbs.
Tys kaiuta n naratr.
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SWind element (gender/class) k-a-iuta
DEFDefinite
"the"-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n
RELRelative nar-at-t
run-TRASUnknown code-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
That's the man who ran away
For transitive verbs the ergative clitic is used for the agent and the verb agrees with the patient.
Tys kaiuta nt quqaat sysant.
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SINGUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument k-a-iuta
REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=t
RELRelative quqaat
yesterday s-san-t
1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I-see-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
That's the man who saw me yesterday
Tys kaiuta nt quqaat sant.
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SINGUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument k-a-iuta
REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=t
RELRelative=3MThird person masculine (person)
he/they quqaat
yesterday san-t
see-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
That's the man who saw him/her yesterday
Tys kaiuta ns quqaat sant.
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SINGUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument k-a-iuta
REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=s
RELRelative=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.ERGErgative (case)
TRANS subject; agent quqaat
yesterday san-t
see-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
That's the man whom I saw yesterday
Tys kaiuta nn quqaat sant.
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SINGUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument k-a-iuta
REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=n
RELRelative=3FThird person feminine (person)
she/they quqaat
yesterday san-t
see-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action
That's the man whom she saw yesterday
When a verb is ditransitive both object arguments can be relativized with the same form, without clitics. Disambiguation occurs through context.
Tys kaiuta ns ruut kansarau
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SWind element (gender/class) k-a-iuta
REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=s
RELRelative=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I ruu-t
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-give-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action k-a-n-sarau
DEFDefinite
"the"-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun-PASPast
action occurred before moment of speech-write
That’s the man who I gave the letter to.
Uu kansarau ns ruut kaiuta
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SWind element (gender/class) k-a-iuta
REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=s
RELRelative=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I ruu-t
give-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action k-a-n-sarau
DEFDefinite
"the"-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun-PASPast
action occurred before moment of speech-write
That’s the letter that I gave to the man.
Another way to disambiguate is to use an applicative to relativize the indirect object.
Tys kaiuta ns nuhtuut kasaraut
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SWind element (gender/class) k-a-iuta
REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=s
RELRelative=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I nuh-ruu-t
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-APLUnknown code-give-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action k-a-n-sarau
DEFDefinite
"the"-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun-PASPast
action occurred before moment of speech-write
That’s the man who I gave the letter to.
Tys kansarau ns anqruut (s kaiuta)
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SWind element (gender/class) k-a-iuta
REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=s
RELRelative=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I anq-ruu-t
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee-ANTIPAntipassive voice (valency)
valency is decreased by one-give-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action s
PREPPrepositional (case/POS)
general prep phrs/POS marker k-a-n-sarau
DEFDefinite
"the"-NMZNominaliser
makes other word a noun-PASPast
action occurred before moment of speech-write
That’s the letter that I gave (to the man).
Other arguments may be relativized with a locative verb if the verb requires so.
Tys kaiuta nrk snyyhq
Tys
3Third person (person)
neither speaker nor addressee.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SINGUnknown code.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument k-a-iuta
REFReferential (case)
about, regarding, on the topic of-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=rk
RELRelative=3MThird person masculine (person)
he/they.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc snyyhq
talk
That’s the man who I was talking about (lit. in).
Genitives are relativized as if the posessor were an oblique. The verb usually takes the applicative nur-/nuh-
Tys kaiuta nrts nustah naisak.
Tys
DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).SGSingular (number)
one countable entity iuuta
HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man n=rt=s
RELRelative=3MThird person masculine (person)
he/they.OBLOblique (argument)
indirect or demoted object=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I nuh-stah
APLUnknown code-know na-isak
FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female-sister
That’s the man whose sister I know.
Locatives require locative clitics :D Locations often are gendered with masculine or feminine gender, triggering agreement.
Niik hkaqurt nnks sant kaiuta
Niik
DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee).FFeminine gender (gender)
feminine or female.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc q-kaqurt
DEFDefinite
"the"-beach n=nk=s
RELRelative=3FThird person feminine (person)
she/they.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc=1First person (person)
speaker, signer, etc; I.NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument san-t
see-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action k-a-iuta
DEFDefinite
"the"-HUMHuman (gender/class)
human or belonging to human-man
That’s the beach where I saw the man.
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