Aeolian Gramuary 2020 compilation
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This public article was written by [Deactivated User] on 14 Jul 2020, 16:55.
[comments] yolgrammargramuary
2. Aeolian Emoticons
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4. Aeolian Idioms
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11. Wildlife of Aeolia
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NegationAeolian uses the noun tjoo "falseness" in the instrumentative case, rytjoo, to negate an entire statement ("With falseness, I saw it"). There's also the related infix -otj- specifically to negate a single verb, most often used with the imperative for "Do not (verb)" statements.
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1. I see em. / Not [I see em]. / I [don't see] em.Ese eie daqee. / Rytjoo ese eie daqee. / Ese eie daqotjee.
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current / ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
2. I saw em yesterday. / Not [I sw em yesterday]. / I [didn't see] em yesterday.
Jucjux ese eie daqed. / Rytjoo jucjux ese eie daqed. / Jucjux ese eie daqotjed.
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.yesterday ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.yesterday ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.yesterday ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
3. I will see em tomorrow. / Not [I will see em tomorrow]. / I [won't see] em tomorrow.
Judlux ese eie daqit. / Rytjoo judlux ese eie daqit. / Judlux ese eie daqotjit.
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.tomorrow ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.tomorrow ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech / LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.tomorrow ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
4. Fish swim. / Not [fish swim]. / Fish [don't swim].
Jeidiira hedaa. / Rytjoo jeidiira hedaa. / Jeidiira hedotjaa.
PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.fish swim.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.fish swim.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current / PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.fish swim.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
5. We are laughing. / Not [we are laughing]. / We [aren't laughing].
Ylewe heheewijy. / Rytjoo ylewe heheewijy. / Ylewe hehotjeewijy.
PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.1PEFirst person plural exclusive (person)
we (exclusive) laugh.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.1PEFirst person plural exclusive (person)
we (exclusive) laugh.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing / PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.1PEFirst person plural exclusive (person)
we (exclusive) laugh.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
6. All of them are here. / Not [all of them are here]. / All of them are not here.
Qy jeirolelwi yseile caalee. / Rytjoo qy jeirolelwi yseile caalee. / Qy jeirolelwi yseile caalotjee.
DEFDefinite
"the" PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.be_all.MOMMomentane (aspect)
brief, temporary.PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them be_here.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not DEFDefinite
"the" PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.be_all.MOMMomentane (aspect)
brief, temporary.PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them be_here.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current / DEFDefinite
"the" PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.be_all.MOMMomentane (aspect)
brief, temporary.PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them be_here.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
7. The child hit the rale. / Not [The child hit the rale]. / The child [didn't hit] the rale.
Rale tal liceid. / Rytjoo rale tal liceid. / Rale tal licotjeid. - Purposeful, successful/effective action
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.rale NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.child strike.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.rale NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.child strike.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.rale NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.child strike.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Arale ytal liced. / Rytjoo arale ytal liced. / Arale ytal licotjed. - Purposeful, unsuccessful/ineffective action
OPPOppositive (case)
contrariety, opposite, against.rale PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.child strike.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not OPPOppositive (case)
contrariety, opposite, against.rale PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.child strike.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / OPPOppositive (case)
contrariety, opposite, against.rale PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.child strike.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Rale tal traceid. / Rytjoo rale tal traceid. / Rale tal tracotjeid. - Accidental (or inanimate), effective action
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.rale NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.child collide.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.rale NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.child collide.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.rale NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.child collide.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Arale ytal traced. / Rytjoo arale ytal traced. / Arale ytal tracotjed. - Accidental (or inanimate), ineffective action
OPPOppositive (case)
contrariety, opposite, against.rale PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.child collide.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not OPPOppositive (case)
contrariety, opposite, against.rale PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.child collide.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech / OPPOppositive (case)
contrariety, opposite, against.rale PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.child collide.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
8. I can see them. / Not [I can see them]. / I cannot [see them]. / I can not-see [them].
Rydarsot lewe eie daqee. / Rytjoo, rydarsot lewe eie daqee. / Lytjoorydarsot lewe eie daqee. / Rydarsot lewe eie daqotjee.
INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.CAPCapability (mood)
'can' ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.CAPCapability (mood)
'can' ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current / POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.CAPCapability (mood)
'can' ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.CAPCapability (mood)
'can' ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
9. Leave! / Don't leave!
Xelja! / Xotjelja!
go.IMPImperative (mood)
command / go.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.IMPImperative (mood)
command
10. Come to me today! / Don't come to me today! / Come to me not [today]!
Riweie jusrox xletelja! / Riweie jusrox xletotjelja! / Lytjoojusrox riweie xletelja!
ALLAllative (case)
'to, onto'.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.today come.IMPImperative (mood)
command / ALLAllative (case)
'to, onto'.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.today come.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.IMPImperative (mood)
command / POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.today ALLAllative (case)
'to, onto'.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I come.IMPImperative (mood)
command
11. Have you seen my rale? / Not [have you seen my rale]? / Have you [not seen] my rale?
¿Daqesi laraleweie etee? / ¿Daqesi rytjoo laraleweie etee? / ¿Daqotjesi laraleweie etee?
see.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.rale.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) / see.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.NEGNegative (polarity)
not POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.rale.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) / see.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.rale.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you)
12. Do I have to go? / Do I not [have to go]? / Do I have to [not go]?
¿Xeel rysreci yweie? / ¿Xeel lytjoorysreci yweie? / ¿Xotjeel rysreci yweie?
go.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.OBLGObligatory mood (mood)
must ; not imperative PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I / go.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.OBLGObligatory mood (mood)
must ; not imperative PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I / go.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.OBLGObligatory mood (mood)
must ; not imperative PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I
13. You have to go. / You don't [have to go]. / You have to [not go].
Rysreci ywetee xeel. / Lytjoorysreci ywetee xeel. / Rysreci ywetee xotjeel.
INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.OBLGObligatory mood (mood)
must ; not imperative PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) go.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events / POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.OBLGObligatory mood (mood)
must ; not imperative PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) go.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.OBLGObligatory mood (mood)
must ; not imperative PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) go.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
14. You should go. / Not [you should go]. / You should [not go].
Rytwoja ywetee xeel. / Lytjoorytwoja ywetee xeel. / Rytwoja ywetee xotjeel.
INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.DEBDebitive (mood)
'should' PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) go.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events / POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.DEBDebitive (mood)
'should' PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) go.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events / INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.DEBDebitive (mood)
'should' PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) go.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.SBJVSubjunctive mood (mood)
desired or possible events
15. Always eat your food. / Not [always] eat your food. / Always [don't eat] your food.
Qy juurolesi juutai ljeweetetee trelje. / Lytjoo juurolelwi juutai ljeweetetee trelje. / Juurolesi juutai ljeweetetee trotjelje.
DEFDefinite
"the" LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.be_all.ETNLEternal tense (tense/aspect)
permanent, enduring state or action.PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.time POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.food.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) eat.IMPImperative (mood)
command / POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.NEGNegative (polarity)
not LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.be_all.MOMMomentane (aspect)
brief, temporary.PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.time POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.food.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) eat.IMPImperative (mood)
command / DEFDefinite
"the" LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.be_all.ETNLEternal tense (tense/aspect)
permanent, enduring state or action.PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.time POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.food.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) eat.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.IMPImperative (mood)
command
Derivations
Aeolian on the other hand derives a lot of things from verbs through various conjugations.
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Causative (and Inchoative) - -(V)jet / -(V)jat
- The causative makes an intransitive verb transitive, and gives a transitive verb a third argument which will be in either the benefactive, allative, or oppositive case depending on the perceived effect on the object (the one to which the action is being caused to be done).
- The vowel before -jet/-jat depends on the genders of the subject (the causer) and the direct object (the one being caused to do something).
- -jet is for static verbs, -jat is for motion verbs.
- When used with the passive prefix dee-, becomes the inchoative conjugation ("X causes itself to do Y" = "X starts to do Y"). Ex.: cöraa = "walks", cörejat = "is caused to walk", dee-cörejat = "begins to walk"
- Can be stacked with verb tense endings, in which case the causative comes after the tense.
Prohibitive (and Cessative) - -ile/-ila
- "A stops/prevents B from (verb)ing." The opposite of the causative.
- -ile is for static verbs, -ila is for motion verbs.
- When used with the passive prefix dee-, becomes the cessative conjugation ("X stops itself from doing Y" = "X stops doing Y"). Ex. cöraa = "walks", cörila = "is prevented/caused to stop walking", dee-cörila = "stops walking"
- Like the causative, can be stacked after verb tense conjugations.
Transient Adjectiviser - -(V)lwi
- Applied to a verb, creates an adjective that applies temporarily, non-inherently, or reversibly. Ex.: ljutee = "be blue", ljutelwi = "currently blue" (ex. dyed hair, the sky, a chameleon)
- Similar to English's "-ing" participle ("the walking person").
- The preceding vowel depends on the gender of the noun it is applied to.
- Can be combined with the passiviser dee-. Ex.: qeusee = "to love", qeuselwi = "loving", dee-qeuselwi = "beloved"
Inherent Adjectiviser - -(V)si
- Applied to a verb, creates an adjective that applies inherently, permanently, or irreversibly. Ex: ljutee = "be blue", ljutesi = "inherently blue" (ex. a shirt, someone's eyes, a sapphire)
- Similar to English's "-ed/-éd" participle ("the constructed language") but with wider usage.
- The preceding vowel depends on the gender of the noun it is applied to.
- Can be combined with the passiviser dee-. Ex.: coree = "to separate", coresi = "separate (by one's own will), independent", dee-coresi = "separated (by others), far away"
Nominaliser suffix for adjectives - -s
- Can be applied to -lwi or -si adjectives (as detailed above)
- -lwis denotes a specific, transient X-ness, ex. "the blueness (of the sky)", or the process of doing the original verb, ex. "the construction [process of constructing]"
- -sis denotes a specific, inherent X-ness, ex. "the blueness (of your eyes)", or the result of doing the original verb, ex. "the construction [the result of constructing]"
- For general X-nesses, this wouldn't be used - there is usually a separate noun, which may be the original ancestor of the verb in the first place. For example, ljut "general blueness, the concept of blue" is the ancestor of ljutee "be blue".
Aspect and Aktionsart
Aeolian distinguishes perfective vs. imperfective using what I've been calling the "progressive" conjugation but that term may apparently not actually be correct. There are also verb conjugations for the ingressive aka inchoative (morphologically a passive causative) and finitive aka cessative (morphologically a passive prohibitive).
The "perfect" tenses seem to be basically the resultative, I guess? They are like the perfect tenses in English are prescriptively supposed to be, i.e., completion of an action.
Example, using the transitive state verb qilee "to help", inflected for neutral subject and neutral object.
tense | Perfective | Imperfective ("progressive") | Inchoative | Cessative |
present | qilee - "You help me." | qileewijy - "You are helping me." | dee-qilejet - "You start helping me." | dee-qilile - "You stop/finish helping me." |
present perfect | qilese - "You've helped me." | qilesewijy - "You've been helping me." | dee-qilesejet - "You've started to help me." | dee-qilesile - "You've stopped helping me." |
past | qiled - "You helped me." | qiledwijy - "You were helping me." | dee-qiledjet - "You started to help me." | dee-qiledile - "You stopped helping me." |
past perfect | qilede - "You'd helped me." | qiledewijy - "You'd been helping me." | dee-qiledejet - "You'd started to help me." | dee-qiledile - "You'd stopped helping me." |
future | qilit - "You'll help me." | qilitwijy - "You'll be helping me." | dee-qilitjet - "You'll start to help me." | dee-qilitile - "You'll stop helping me." |
future perfect | qilite - "You'll have helped me." | qilitewijy - "You'll have been helping me." | dee-qilitejet - "You'll have started to help me." | dee-qilitile - "You'll have stopped helping me." |
subjunctive nonpast | qileel - "You would help me." | qileelwijy - "You would be helping me." | dee-qileelejet - "You would start to help me." | dee-qileelile - "You would stop helping me." |
subjunctive past | qilely - "You would've helped me." | qilelywijy - "You would've been helping me." | dee-qilelyjet - "You would've started to help me." | dee-qilelile - "You would've stopped helping me." |
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The grass is green.Qy [grass] töisee.
DEFDefinite
"the" PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.grass be_green.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
Eir hair turned white.
ese dee-troidjedjet.
POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.hair.PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee PASSPassive voice (valency)
be verb-ed-be_white.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.CAUSCausative (valency/mood)
cause an action to occur, force another argument to act
Ey closed the door.
I see em, ey is over there.
Ese eie daqee, juses ywese ajee.
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I see.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current | LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.DISTDistal (proximity)
far from speaker (and addressee) PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee be.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
I came in as ey was talking.
Yweie xletad lyqeielwisjuwese.
PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I come.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.talk.GERGerund
verbal noun.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee
I came in at ey's talking.
When I come ey’ll be reading.
Lyxletalwisjuweie ywese crilitwijy.
POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.come.GERGerund
verbal noun.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee read.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
At my coming, ey will be reading.
Ey was tall.
Ywese axted.
PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee be_tall.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
Ey had become taller than me.
While A was talking, C was reading.
LyqeielwisjuwA, yC criledwijy.
POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.talk.GERGerund
verbal noun.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.AModifier
adjective, adverb, etc PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.CCommon gender (gender/class)
common gender read.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
While A was talking, C died.
LyqeielwisjuwA, yC tutjed.
POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.talk.GERGerund
verbal noun.LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.AModifier
adjective, adverb, etc PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.CCommon gender (gender/class)
common gender die.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
They beat em up for an hour.
Jurolelwi ju[hour] ese söile licadwijy.
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.be_whole.PCPParticiple
adjectival form of a verb LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.hour ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.3PThird person plural (person)
neither speaker nor addressee, they/them hit.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
John has won money and now ey is rich.
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.money NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.John win.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed and LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.now PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee be_rich.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
People kept saying rude things to me.
Otuuolwis aweie aiLiilela reijed.
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.talk_down.GERGerund
verbal noun OPPOppositive (case)
contrariety, opposite, against.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.person continue.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech
I am about to meet my creche-sibling.
Juwirt lyrasheweie eie tatit.
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.now POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.creche-sibling.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I meet.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
The combination of the future tense with the adverbial "now" indicates an imminent future event.
I just met your creche-sibling.
Juwirt lyrashewetee eie tatese.
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.now POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.creche-sibling.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.2SSecond person singular (person)
addressee (you) NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I meet.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed
I am just finishing my meal.
Yweie trilewijy.
PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I eat.CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
I have said this again and again: it will not work.
Hes eie jeuseijy qeiese, reed: xoljotjit.
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.PLPlural (number)
more than one/few.two say.PERFPerfect (aspect/tense)
have verb-ed RELRelative function.NEGNegative (polarity)
not.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
I am visiting my creche-leaders tonight.
LOCLocative (case)
'in, on, at' etc.tonight POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.PAUPaucal (number)
a few, some.creche_leader.ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I visit.FTFuture tense (tense)
action occurring after the moment of speech
Having seen me, ey came to a halt.
Lydaqelwiswyweie, ywese xadile.
POSSGPossessed (case)
marks being owned.see.GERGerund
verbal noun.ABLAblative (case)
away from.1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee go.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.CESCessative (aspect)
exiting/ending a state
As I was walking in the forest, I heard a wolf.
I walked into the house and the dog barked.
This is wrong.
Yhes tjee.
PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.PROXProximal (proximity)
close to speaker be_wrong.PRESPresent tense (tense)
current
Ey is usually tired when ey comes home.
Ey knew that ey was talking too fast.
Her ese rahed, reed ryxrawosis ywese qeiedwijy.
ACCAccusative (case)
TRANS direct object; patient.MEDMedial (proximity)
not too far from speaker; close to addressee NOMNominative (case)
TRANS subject, INTR argument.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee know.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech RELRelative INSInstrumental (case)
'with', 'using'.be_fast.DESPDespective (respect/formality)
derogatory, pejorative, rude.GERGerund
verbal noun PTNPatientive (case)
passive or nonvolitional case.3SThird person singular (person)
neither speaker nor addressee talk.PTPast tense (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech.PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
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