Thuun verbal structure: view article

Thuun are highly agglutinative and entirely suffixing. The basic structure is as follows:

verb root - derivational suffixes - aspect 1 - voice - aspect 2 - mood - interrogative - person/number - tense - polarity - aspect 3 - aspect 4

Here's an example of a maximally inflected verb:

jaammaksalmiekuumputnas
/ˈjɑːmmɑksɑlmiɤ̯ːkʉːmpʉtnɑs/
jaa(k>m)-mAks-Al-Ø-miE-kUU-[m-p]-Ut-(E)n-As
run-FREQFrequentative (aspect)
repeated or customary action-GNOGnomic (aspect/mood)
common, timeless truths-(ACTActive voice (valency, volition)
the subject acts, voluntarily)-DESDesiderative (mood)
wishes, desires, wants-QInterrogative
question-[1SFirst person singular (person)
speaker, signer, etc.; I-PSTPast (tense)
action occurred before moment of speech]-NEGNegative (polarity)
not-PFVPerfective (aspect)
completed action-PROGProgressive (aspect)
be verb-ing
Had I not ever wanted to be running around?

In the rest of this article are tables showing the forms for every conjugation for each of the 10 categories, along with a few examples of how to use them.

[edit] [top]Verbal categories

Aspect 1

Conjugation		Usage examples
BAASBasic aspect (aspect) Basic/expected aspect	Ø	birds are flying birds will fly birds fly I love you right now I’ll freeze you I’m freezing you’re very pretty	jëäksi lëyntël jëäksi lëyntël jëäksi lëyntël muepmim mu yölköm mu yölköm ylët möö
GNOGnomic (aspect/mood) common, timeless truths	i / al	birds fly an ermine never flies I love you I live in Uvanga it used to work well you’re always very pretty	jëäksi lëyntiël syömkä lëyntiënnyt muepmaim mu Umampas kalaim töimiënnë öppää ylëit möö

Voice

Conjugation		Usage examples
ACTActive voice (valency, volition) the subject acts, voluntarily	Ø	a bear will eat your face	kööl kuulen syömätmym
PASSPassive voice (valency) be verb-ed	em / me	your face will be eaten by a bear	köölöt kuulemen syömmym
RELRelative	et / ta / tea	the bear that I know would never eat my face the thing that we've talked about	kööl meupmaitam kuulaisinnut syömätmim sap laitetippen

Aspect 2

Conjugation		Usage examples
BAASBasic aspect (aspect) Basic/expected aspect	Ø	I’m jumping I jump I will jump	yipim yipim yipim
PROSProsecutive (case) 'across, along'	mai / aim	I’m going to jump you should get going I would go for a swim	yipmäim uuntaimilot jöölläimisiim
CONTContinuative (tense/aspect) continuous or durational action	nuu / uun	you keep on using that word stay safe from the weather	nyötnyyt yöt moamaa luonuusi yytinën
MOMMomentane (aspect) brief, temporary*	utto	I’ll do this for now I painted the tree for a bit it might rain sometime tomorrow	tyylyttöm yöt mienat nuustouttomme sualnas innöyttönäätin
INCHInchoative (aspect) 'beginning, becoming'*	sem	I’ll start* running home*	jaaksemim nöö
CESCessative (aspect) exiting/ending a state*	emp	I’ll stop* running home*	jaakempim nöö

* rarely used in modern Thuun

Mood

Conjugation		Usage examples
INDIndicative mood (mood) a common form of realis	Ø	they go home	nööjël
IMPImperative (mood) command	Ø / i / s	go home do not go home	nöö nööjyt / nöössyt
HORTHortative (mood) 'let's...'	apmo / ammo	let’s go home	nööjäpmö
DESDesiderative (mood) wishes, desires, wants	mie / iem	they want to* go home*	nöömiël
OPTOptative (mood) 'wish, hope'	muo / uom	may you go home	nöömyöt
CAPCapability (mood) 'can' / ABILAbilitative (mood) expresses ability	moi / oim	I can go home I’m able to go home I’m allowed to go home	nöömöim nöömöim nöömöim
CONDConditional (mood) would	sii / si	I would go home would you go home ? if you go home ...	nööjäsiim nööjäsikyyt ? nööjäsiit ...
ADMAdmonitive (mood) warning	ask / as	if I go home, then I’ll die what if you go home ?	nööjäskim mullim nööjäskyyt ?
POTPotential (mood) likely events, ability	aan / naa	it could* rain tomorrow*	sualnas innönäätin
DEBDebitive (mood) 'should' / SUGGSuggestive mood (mood) suggestion, 'should', 'ought'	(i)lo	they should go home I would like it to rain	nööjälöëllë innölötäin
NECNecessitative mood (mood) must, have to	n(t/n)	they need to go home you have a lot to do	nööjäntël tyylinnit laulat

Interrogative

Conjugation		Usage examples
DECLDeclarative (mood) a common realis mood	Ø	we ate it	kuulippe nan
QInterrogative question	ku(u)	did you eat it ?	kuulkuutte nan ?
WHQWh-question interrogative using question pronoun (Eng WH-words)	la / lea / lai / ta / tea	what did you eat ?	(mäit) kuulileatte ?

Conjugation	Regular	Compound*	Usage examples
1SFirst person singular (person) speaker, signer, etc.; I	m	mp	I love you	muepmim mu
1PFirst person plural (person) we (inclusive or exclusive)	p(a)	lp	we love you	muepmip mu
2SSecond person singular (person) addressee (you)	t	lt	you (sg) love me	muepmit mim
2PSecond person plural (person) addressee (plural)	k(a)	lk	you (pl) love me how do you (does one) do it ?	muepmik mim ëättik tyylä yöt ?
3SThird person singular (person) neither speaker nor addressee	(e)n	(e)n(t/s) / (e)ln / (e)tn	she loves me he loves you it loves my tree	muepmen mim muepmen mu muepmen mienatmim
3PThird person plural (person) neither speaker nor addressee, they/them	(e)l	(e)lm	they love you	muepmel mu
RELRelative.SGSingular (number) one countable entity	nain / nin	nain(t/s) / nin(t/s)	person who* loves you*	ylä muepminain mu
RELRelative.PLPlural (number) more than one/few	lain / lin	lain(t/s) / lin(t/s)	people who* love you*	ylä muepmilain mu
5Fifth person (person) indefinite or generic; one, "they" say that	tain / tin	tain(t/s) / tin(t/s)	it’s snowing something always falls on me no one loves us	juopitain tomaitin mittä muepmitainnut mam

* used for certain past-tense combinations

Tense

Conjugation		Usage examples
NPSTNon-past (tense) present, continuous and future	Ø	I run I will run	jaakim jaakim
PSTPast (tense) action occurred before moment of speech	(C)e	I ran	jaakimme

Polarity

Conjugation		Usage examples
AFFAffirmative (polarity) positive, opposite of NEG	Ø	I like the house	mëämäim opat
NEGNegative (polarity) not	u(t/n)	the house doesn’t* like me*	op mëämënnyt mim

Aspect 3

Conjugation		Usage examples
IPFVImperfective (aspect) 'interrupted or incomplete'	Ø	I’m going home I went home	nööm nöömmë
PFVPerfective (aspect) completed action	en / n	I have gone home I had gone home	nöömmën nöömpën

Aspect 4

Conjugation		Usage examples
BAASBasic aspect (aspect) Basic/expected aspect	Ø	you bump my nose	pemit niymätmim
PROGProgressive (aspect) be verb-ing	as / sa	you are* bumping my nose*	pemittas niymätmim

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Comments

[link] [quote] [move] [edit] [del] 06-Sep-16 22:51 [Deactivated User]

EDIT: Actually nevermind, I've rebranded some of the previous moods into voice/aspects, so mood stacking doesn't happen at all anymore.

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[link] [quote] [move] [edit] [del] 06-Sep-16 22:36 [Deactivated User]

While it's uncommon to use, even English can do it to a degree by putting in more than one modal verb in a sentence. Example:

You will {have to} {be able to} do that.

[link] [quote] [move] [edit] [del] 06-Sep-16 22:18 [Deactivated User]

I thought I read somewhere that moods don't usually stack in natural languages, so how does this work here?