Lesson #5 - Verbs Pt. 1
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Learn the Tenses and Affixes of Verbs
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[comments] trsnlessonslesson 5
1. Lesson #0
11. Proverbs
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Table of Contents
The next three lessons are going to be devoted to verbs (nenes), since there’s a lot to cover about them. This lesson is going to be all about the tenses of verbs.
[top]Past, Present, and Future: Taresian Tenses
In English, there are three tenses (zifemes), the past(pan), present (aran), and future (fetran) tenses. tareséasen is different in that it divides the past and future tenses in two. The past tense is divided into the distant past - da egapa, and the recent past - da jepa.
da jepa is used for events/actions that take place anywhere from seconds ago up until one day before the present, while da egapa is used for events/actions that take place any time before then.
Meanwhile the future tense is divided into the near future - da cech’etra, and the distant future - da egatra . The distinction for when one or the other is used is the same as the past tenses, except for points in the time in the future.
The simple tense, da zifem simpul , like most languages, is used when talking about facts or habitual activities.
Distant Past and Recent Past Tenses - zifemes egapa end jepa
When using da zifem simpul, both past tenses make use of the past tense suffix -ed or -d.
-d is used after verbs ending in vowels...
ejemes:
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...while -ed is used after verbs ending in consonants.
ejemes:
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However, to specify that you’re speaking in da zifem jepa, you must add the word je before the noun that is before the verb in question.
ejemes:
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If a pronoun is involved in the sentence, je is added as a modifier suffix to the pronoun.
| Pronoun | Pronoun (Recent Past) |
|---|---|
| me | meje |
| vú | vúje |
| bóvú | bóvúje |
| yál | yálje |
| nó | nóje |
| bónó | bónóje |
| dey | deje |
| bódem | bódeje |
| im | imje |
| er | erje |
ejemes:
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Present Tense - zifem aran
The Present Simple Tense is rather simple. Simply leave the verb in the infinitive, no matter what pronoun or noun comes before it.
ejemes:
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Near and Far Future Tenses - zifemes cech’etra end egatra
The two future tenses, unlike the past tenses, do not utilize a verbal suffix. Rather, for da zifem cech’etra, the word gna is placed before the verb (or as a suffix for a pronoun).
ejemes:
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The same goes for da zifem egatra, which instead uses the word wal.
ejemes:
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The perfect tense (zifem dun) is used when describing actions that have already been completed. All verbs in the perfect tense, no matter at what time period, all end with -pé.
zifem egapan:
In addition to ending with -pé, the same rules that apply to the Distant Past Simple also applies to the Distant Past Perfect .
ejemes:
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zifem jepan:
The Recent Past Perfect tense follows the same rules as the Recent Past Simple, again with an additional word-final -pé.
ejemes jepan:
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zifem aran:
As with the simple present tense, except for the -pé suffix, the verb remains in the infinitive.
ejemes:
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zifemes cech’etra end egatra:
In addition to ending with -pé, the same rules that apply to the Immediate Future Simple and Distant Future Simple tenses also apply to the Immediate Future Perfect and Distant Future Perfect.
ejemes cech’etran:
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ejemes egatran:
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The progressive tense (zifem dógó) is used to describe ongoing actions. For all tenses, the progressive tense is marked by the prefix dó-. If preceding a noun, the hyphen is not dropped.
Distant and Recent Past Tenses
To denote the Distant Past tense, in addition to the dó- prefix, the word vas is placed before the verb, except if the subject is a pronoun, in which vas is attached to the pronoun as a suffix.
Examples:
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To denote the Recent Past Tense, the same rules apply, except jus is added to vas (vasjus).
Examples:
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Present Tense
As with the perfect tense, the present progressive tense is only marked by the presence of the dó- suffix. Note that there is no inclusion of the word ben before the verb (as the word ‘is’ is added before a verb in English)
Examples:
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Near and Far Future Tenses
To denote the Near Future Tense, in addition to the dó prefix, the word gnabe is placed before the verb.
Examples:
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To denote the Far Future Tense, the same rules apply, except with the word wabe.
Examples:
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The perfect progressive tense is used to describe a continuous action that was started in the past, and finished at some point in the past.
[top]Summary
Below is a summary of all tareséasen verb tenses, using the word óŕ (to hear), using the first person.
*INSERT IMAGE HERE*
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